MARYVILLE PATHO NURS 611 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025 GRADED A+.

MARYVILLE PATHO NURS 611 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025 GRADED A+. 2 / 12 1. Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body re-sources: Parasympathetic nervous system 2. which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself: - Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) 3. how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)- : blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary isdecreased 4. how are primary brain injuries classified: focal or diffuse (aka multifocal) 5. focal brain injuries:specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in aprecise location Epidural and subdural hemorrhages 6. diffuse brain injuries: include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephali-tis, and damage to blood vessels The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateraldysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria) 7. autonomic hyperreflexia: affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized byparoxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision,sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotorspasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min) 8. location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia: individual most likelyto be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above 9. sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia: brady-cardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia Stimulation of the carotid sinus --vagus nerve --sinoatrial (SA) node.The intactANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS.The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through thecord 10. Alzheimer's disease: leading cause of dementia and one of the most commoncauses of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults 11. what are the greatest risk factorsfor Alzheimer's disease: age, family history 3 / 12 12. what are the proposed protective factorsfor Alzheimer's disease: low calo-rie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of apoE2 13. what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD- : PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursorprotein) on chromosome 21 14. When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given: postmortem examination 15. what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke: hypertension (87% ofoccurrences) 16. what are common risk factors for stroke: arterial HTN, insulin resistance andDM, elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein-A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomaticcarotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hor- mone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation 17. which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bac-terial/viral infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu): Guillain-Barre syndrome 18. Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms: typical first manifes- tations are numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paral- ysis may present in an ascending pattern 19. when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre: weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases 20. Myasthenia Gravis: a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction.The antibodies preventnormal reception for muscle contraction 21. myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations: -exertional fatigue and weaknessthat worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity -a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections -diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies -facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing associ-ated with dietary changes and weight loss; drooling -episodes of choking and aspiration 22. Graves disease: Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to theTSHreceptor sites.This 4 / 12 leads to hyperthyroidism 23. acute pain: an event; cause often known; lasts less than 6 months; sudden onset;clinicalsigns include increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr, diaphore-sis, and dilated pupils; prognosis is usually complete relief 24. low back pain: most common chronic pain condition 25. chronic pain: constantsituation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden orslowonset; duration is prolonged and persistent; complete relief rarely occurs 26. myofascial pain syndromes: second most common chronic pain condition resulting from muscle spasms, tenderness and stiffness; ex: myalgia, muscle strain 27. deafferentation pain: painful condition resulting from damage to peripheralnerve; ex: burn pain caused by cold