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BIOL 253 LAB FINAL EXAM/65 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOL 253 LAB FINAL EXAM/65 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOL 253 LAB FINAL EXAM/65 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSWhat are some possible sources of error or variation in each of these techniques of blood pressure measurement? - -Noise in the room, faint pulse, etc.
-What does auscultation mean? Name two ways we took a palpation reading and two ways we took an auscultation reading. - -Auscultation in this labs means we are listening to the occurrence of sounds to measure blood pressure. Feeling for pulse vs. using a stethoscope to take blood pressure.
-What do the sounds correspond to when a blood pressure is taken? - -Korotkoff sounds are caused by turbulent flow through the arteries
-Could a finger pulse measurement ever replace the stethoscope in determining diastolic pressure? - -
No. The pulse recording does not have any obvious feature that allows diastolic pressure to be identified. Therefore, pulse recordings cannot replace the use of a stethoscope in determining diastolic pressure.
-What happened to the finger pulse amplitude when the arm is held above the head? What do you think
could account for this observation? - -The finger pulse amplitude decreases dramatically when the arm is
held above the head. The systolic pressure will be harder to detect, and will be much lower than the blood pressure measurement with the hand at heart level. The physiological reason for this observation is that the hand is more poorly perfused when held above the head; so the systolic pressure is decreased by the hydrostatic pressure due to gravity.
-What is pulse pressure and how is it calculated? What was the subject's pulse pressure during each measurement? - -Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings. Answers will vary based on volunteer.
-At which speed of pressure release did you get your most accurate reading? Why do you think that is? What could have accounted for inaccuracies in the other measurements? - -The heart rate limits the speed at which you can accurately record the blood pressure. The cuff needs to be deflated at a rate such that there is time for every heart beat to be detected as pressure falls. If a heart beat is missed, the
pressure reading will be in error.
-Why do we need to keep in mind the auscultation gap when using the auscultation method to determine blood pressure? - -When inflating the cuff, if you stop inflating at the auscultation gap you will get a low systolic measurement. If you are deflating the cuff, if you take a reading at the auscultation
gap you will get a higher measurement for diastolic.
-You may have experienced difficulty in obtaining a blood pressure measurement when the arm was held above the head. Can you give a physiological explanation for this? Tip: Why do you think you experience fatigue when holding something above your head? - -It is very difficult to obtain a blood pressure measurement when the arm is held above the head, because the blood pressure in the arm is much lower when the arm is raised. Because of this, the arm is poorly perfused which leads to fatigue when one is working with arms above the head. -How does the blood pressure in the leg compare (both thigh and calf) with that in the volunteer's arm? Explain your reasoning. - -With the volunteer standing, blood pressure is greater in the leg than blood pressure in the arm. This results from the hydrostatic pressure on the column of blood. When the volunteer is lying down, the arm and leg blood pressures should be very similar since both are at heart level. Therefore, lower limb blood pressures must always be measured with the volunteer lying flat; otherwise the blood pressures will need to be corrected for the hydrostatic pressure.
-How does resistance from heart to arm differ from resistance from heart to leg? What most likely accounts for this difference? What happens to flow rate? - -Resistance is likely larger from heart to leg because of the increased distance between heart and leg vs heart and arm. Diameter of the vessels could also have an effect.
-During which phase of respiration can the breath be held longer? Why is this? - -Breath can always be held longer after a full inspiration, as the lung in this situation contains its maximum volume of gas. It is difficult to hold your breath for as long at the end of expiration because the much smaller volume of gas in the lungs results in a more rapid build up of CO2 in the blood. It is the accumulation of CO2 in the blood with rising PCO2 that is the more important stimulus to breathe, not hypoxia.
-After holding the breath, is the resulting urge to breathe expiratory or inspiratory? Why? - -It depends on when in the breathing cycle the breath was held; the urge tends to be inspiratory after exhalation, and expiratory after inhalation. The reason that it is expiratory after a breath-hold at the end of inhalation is that you have to get rid of the gas in your lungs before you can inhale fresh air. Note how rapidly and forcibly you exhale in this situation.
-What was the average breathing rate during normal quiet breathing? - -Average breathing rates at rest range from 12-20 breaths per minute.
-How does the pulse rate change during the breathing cycle? What causes this? - -Pulse rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration. The extent of this normal "respiratory sinus arrhythmia" differs greatly from person to person.
-What happened to the pulse rate while the breath was held? What do you think the causes this? - -
There is often an immediate slowing of the heart followed by a recovery in rate.
-What happened to the breathing rate during the exercise period at 1 minute after exercise, and then 2 minutes after exercise? Explain why this happens. - -The rate of breathing increased. When you exercise your muscle cells use more energy, so they require more oxygen and also produce more carbon dioxide. Increased carbon dioxide in the blood results in an increased breathing rate to get rid of excess carbon dioxide and provide more oxygen.
-How would you expect breathing patterns to behave during anaerobic vs. aerobic exercise? Why? - -
Anaerobic exercise tends to make you breathe deeper and longer, whereas aerobic exercise creates a faster and shorter breathing pattern.
-What happened during light and heavy exercise to the pulse pressure? Was this what you expected to happen? - -Pulse pressure refers to the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. During light exercise both systolic and diastolic blood pressure may increase. With heavy exercise, systolic pressure may rise further while diastolic pressure is likely to decrease. This broadens the gap between
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