NR507 /NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 EXAM 400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS AND RATIONALES /BRAND NEW!! /A+ GRADE ASSURED what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - ....ANSWER.... - smooth muscl e hypertrophy - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells - epithelial cell metaplasia - migration of more WBC to site - thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - ....ANSWER.... causes i ncreased bronchoconstriction What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ....ANSWER....tiotropium and ipratropium What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ....ANSWER.... These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system - increasing bronchodilation Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - ....ANSWER.... promotes hypersecretion of mucus What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - ....ANSWER.... squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - ....ANSWER ....increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs? - ....ANSWER.... leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways What acid -base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ....ANSWER.... respiratory acidosis how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acid osis? - ....ANSWER.... hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention Where does air enter the body? - ....ANSWER.... naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) blood cell formation Fetus - liver and spleen Adult - bone marrow - ...ANSWER... Hematopoiesis A co ndition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. - ...ANSWER... Anemia formation of red blood cells In kidney in response to hypoxia - ...ANSWER... Erythropoiesis Large RBC's, normal hemoglobin Folic acid or Vi tamin B12 deficiency - ...ANSWER... macrocytic normochromic anemia small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are not able to carry normal hemoglobin Thalassemia - mediterranean - ...ANSWER... microcytic hypochromic anemia Characterized by red cells that ar e relatively normal in size and normal hemoglobin Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell - ...ANSWER... normocytic normochromic anemia anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells Affects children, poverty, child bearing age - ...ANSWER... iron deficiency anemia red blood cells Most abundant cell in the body Responsible for tissue oxygenation Mitotic division - 100-120 days - ...ANSWER... Erythrocytes A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnorma l curved or "sickle" shape (Hb -s) - ...ANSWER... sickle cell anemia Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background. - ...ANSWER... Thalassemia Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to ab sorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream - ...ANSWER... pernicious anemia Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen Pancytopenia - reduction in all 3 types of blood ce lls (RBC, WBC, Plt) - ...ANSWER... hemolytic anemia Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow In response to hypoxia In the fetus the liver produces this - ...ANSWER... Erythropoietin (EPO) Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells 4 molecules of O2 Made of polypeptide, heme, iron - ...ANSWER... Hemoglobin Iron def anemia is major cause after this Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in production of g astric acid. This acid is necessary to convert dietary iron to a form that is more readily absorbed by the duodenum - ...ANSWER... anemia due to gastrectomy Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh incompatibility, drug induced - ...ANSWER... hemolytic anemia causes Atrovent & Spiriva both prevent the muscle bands around the airways from tightening thus reduce in exacerbation
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