Hondros Bio 253 Final Exam Complete Solutions

Hondros Bio 253 Final Exam Complete Solutions Urinary system funnnn.. urinary system functions regulate homeostasis of body fluid- water and ph regulation -waste excretion -ph regulation -vit d sythesis -epo Brainpower Read More organs of the urinary system kidneys-primary organs -ureters -urinary bladder -urethra shape size and location (medial side) -approx. 11cm by 7 cm by 3 cm -postural abdominal cavity (between T12 and L3) -Renal Fascia and perirenal fat capsules (renal fat pad): heavy cushion of fat that surrounds each kidney Ureter tube from the kidney to the urinary bladder Urinary Bladder storage space for urine urethra Tube for excretion of urine the ureter is composed of 3 layers: the mucous lining, muscular middle layer fibrous the bladder is lined with urothelium that forms folds called____________ ragau the ureter wall has 3 layers transitional epithelium, smooth muscle, fibrous coat parasympathic involuntary -Urine moves through the ureters by peristalsis the ureters enter the bladder on the _________ side lower the oblique path of of the ureter through the wall of the bladder, permits the junction to act as a ____________ reducing the bladder as it becomes full valve Urinary bladder structure -lined by transitional epithelium -Composed mostly of smooth muscle tissue Parasympathic involuntary -can distend considerably Function -reservoir for urine before it leaves the body -aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body Urethra -small tube lined with mucous membranes that extends from the floor of the bladder to the exterior of the body - Smooth muscles parasympathetic Involuntary - How long is the urethrae in females ? 3 cm long -meatus is in the vestibule How long is the urethra in males 20 cm - passes through the prostate -enters base of the penis -meatus is at the end of the penis micturition as the bladder volume increases, micturition contractions (of the detrusor muscles) increase and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes. -smooth muscle parasympathetic involuntary -urge to urinate comes with micturition contractions the external urethral sphincter muscle is under __________ control control skeletal muscle Voluntary Micturition Also called urination, is a mechanism for, is a mechanism for voiding the bladder the functional unit of the kidney is called a ________ nephron what do nephrons make? urine each kidney contains about ______________ nephrons one million two major parts of nephrons -renal corpuscle -tubules nephrons are connected to the collecting ducts renal corpuscle glomerulus and glomerular capsule Glomerular capsule cup shaped mouth of nephron -collets filtrate -covers glomerulus- podocytes glomerulus -Capillaries -filters plasma -the network of fine capillaries surrounded by the bowman capsule The main organ of the unitary system are the __________. each is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the _____________ kidney, capsule the main function of the urinary system is to maintain homeostasis of ___________ and ___________ in the body. water, electrolytes Blood vessels and the ureter enter a kidney at the ___________ hilum the outside layer in a kidney is the ___________ cortex the inner layer of the kidney is the __________ medulla the inner layer is made up of ____________ along with renal columns. pyramid the functional unit of the kidney is called ____________ nephrons the first step step in making urine in plasma, which takes place in the renal corpuscle is called________. the fluid produces is call ________________ filtration, filtrate the renal corpuscle has the ____________, on the outside, and the ___________ inside, which is made of _____________ glomerular capsule, glomerular inside, capillaries the next part of the functional unit of the kidney is the ___________ __________ tubule, where most __________ reabsorption takes place proximal convoluted tubule, the middle part of the tubular system is the ____________, which is responsible for the countercurrent mechanism that allows urine concentration to be adjusted nephron loop the last segment of the tubular system is ______________, where unwanted substances are moved into the urine in a process called _______________ distal convoluted tubule, tubular secretion Fina concentration of urine is adjusted in the ___________ __________, which pass through the pyramids collecting ducts urine leaves the pyramids through the ___________ ______________, and drains through the calycle and the renal pelvis into the uterus renal papilla Branches of the renal arteries that go between the pyramids are called _interlobar arteries. The branches that go into the cortex are the _interlobular arteries, which send afferent arterioles to each nephron. read that afferent arteriole enters glomerular capillary network efferent arteriole arterial leaves glomerulus and branches to form the peritubular capillaries Henle loop decides the concentration of the urine glomerular responsible for most of the reabsorption distal convoluted Tubule -responsible for most tubular secretion cortical nephrons 80% of nephrons -have short nephron henle loops Juxtamedullary nephrons 20% of nephrons have a long nephron henle loop Filtration Movement of water and protein- free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of the glomerular capsule Tubular Reabsorption Movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood tubular secretion movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion Chapter 43 and 44 fluid and electrolytes funnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnaaaaa electrolyte is- any dissolved ionic compound in the body and water acts as the solvent Adding electrolytes changes the tonicity or the concentration of body solutions :) Fluids are located in compartments ________% found outside the cell ______% found within the cell 34%, 66% list a few examples of extracellular fluid interstitial fluid, plasma, csf true or false: more sodium in found in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid. true true or false: water input should equal water output in the human body true The thirst centers are located in the _________ hypothalamus the hypothalamus triggers drinking and baroreceptors would inhabit the thirst centers 3 name one example of water loss urine as fluid osmolarity increases ADH secretions would : increase or decrease ? increase when the kidney retains K+ this could lead to ? hyperkalemia or acidosis what could occur to a weak response of adh ? increase urine volume with dilute urine, hypercalcimia could occur from an exattureated response to PTH a fluid is considered acidic when it Contains a lot of _________ ions and considered to be basic when has alot of _______ ions h+ , oh True or Faulse: the body uses buffer systems to neutralizes acids and bases true as carbonic acids (h2co3) levels rise, ph decreases and can lead to ________________ acidosis Proteins have regions for H+} trapping. COOh os called a __________ region. NH is called a _________ region acid, basic Fluid and Electrolytes new chapter 44 Fluid and electrolytes implies homeostasis fluid and electrolyte balance implies homeostasis electrolytes have chemical bonds that allow dissociation into ions: which may carry and electrical charge: these are curtail to fluid balance fluid content in the human body is what % range 45-75% of range extracellular fluid consist mainly of plasma and interstitial fluid -lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and joint fluid are considered extracellular intracellular fluid facilitates intracellular chemical reactions that maintain life -by volume, intracellular fluid compartment is the largest fluid compartment ecf makes up the internal environment of the body, provides constant environment and transport of substance to and from cells. icf the water inside the cells ways water leaves the body in what ways 1. urine through the kidney water in expired air through the lungs 3. as sweat through the skin 4as feces from the instesine Cardinal principle -Fluid balance can only be maintained if intake equals output - Regulation of fluid intake A decrease in fluid intake causes increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by osmoreceptors located in the thirst center, the wall of the third ventricle (subfornical organ [SFO]),