(also known as text structures or rhetorical patterns)
Sequential order
an orderly progression of events, ideas, or steps
ex. first, second, third, before, next, finally
Chronological order
an orderly progression of events based in time
ex. same as sequential order transition words, plus the use of actual dates
Order of importance
an arrangement with the most important claim at the top or bottom (most important to least important,
or least important to most important)
ex. main, key, primary, significant, finally, most importantly
Spatial order
an arrangement of ideas related to physical space
ex. behind, next to, in front of, or any words that indicate position
Cause and Effect
an event is described, followed by the outcomes or possible outcomes
ex. if...then, because, as a result, in order to, leads to, therefore
Problem and Solution
the author presents a problem and possible solution
ex. similar to cause and effect signal words, plus use of words like steps involved, issue, and actual
, problem and solution themselves
ex. As a result, because, so that
Claim and Refutation
arguing against a statement, fact, or claim
ex. certainly, one cannot deny, at the same time, nevertheless, however, on the other hand
Compare and Contrast
provides similarities and differences about two or more ideas
ex. similarly, likewise, as well as, on the other hand, but, however, instead
Sequential order
an orderly progression of events, ideas, or steps
ex. Did the author explain a process?
Chronological order
an orderly progression of events based in time
ex. Did the author walk through a particular a period in history?
Order of importance
an arrangement with the most important claim at the top or bottom
ex. Did the author use terms like "most importantly" near the top or bottom?
Spatial order
an arrangement of ideas related to physical space
ex. Did the author keep ideas together based on geography?
Cause and effect
an event is described, followed by the possible outcomes
ex. Did the author explain what would happen after X occurred?
Problem and solution
Did the author pose a problem and then provide answers?
Claim and Refutation
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