Enhance your understanding of General Zoology with meticulously crafted study notes! Our comprehensive notes cover key topics, from animal physiology to evolutionary biology, providing concise summaries and insightful explanations. Perfect for students seeking clarity and depth in their studies, ou...
General Zoology
Prelims Reviewer
THE USES OF PRINCIPLES 21. Protozoology – study of protozoa or the
Zoology – scientific study of animal life unicellular organisms
• Exploration of the animal world is gained 22. Zoography – study of animals and their
by actively applying important guiding respective habitats
principle to investigations 23. Taxonomy – studies group and
• Principles of modern zoology comes formulates nomenclatures of animals
from the Laws of Physics and Chemistry 24. Zoometry – study of measurement
and Scientific Method including size and length of animal parts
Fundamental Life Property 25. Zootomy – study of animal anatomy
Life – no simple definition, the history of life 26. Zoogeography – study of geographical
shows extensive and ongoing change distribution of animal species
called evolution.
Descent with Modification – the idea that GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LIVING SYSTEMS
species change over time, give rise to 1. Chemical Uniqueness – living systems
new species, and share a common demonstrate a unique and complex
ancestor. molecular organization: four
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY macromolecules.
1. Anthropology – Study of humanity • Nucleic Acid, Protein, Carbohydrates,
2. Arachnology – study of spiders, Lipids
scorpions and arachnids 2. Complexity and Hierarchical
3. Archaeozoology – scientific evaluation Organization – living systems
of faunal materials retrieved from demonstrates a unique and complex
archeological sites hierarchical organization (Biological and
4. Bionics – study of mechanical systems Ecological Hierarchy)
5. Cetology – study of marine mammals
6. Embryology – study of egg fertilization
7. Ethnology – study of behavior of animals
to interpret their effects on evolution.
8. Helminthology – study of parasitic worms
9. Entomology – study of insects
10. Herpetology – study of amphibians and
reptiles
11. Histology – study of anatomy of cells
and tissues of animals
12. Ichthyology – study of fishes
13. Primatology – study of primates; apes,
monkeys, gorillas
14. Malacology – study of mollusks
15. Mammalogy – study of mammals
16. Morphology – study of form and
structures of animal organisms
17. Nematology – studies roundworms
18. Ornithology – study of birds
19. Pathology – study of bodily fluids, blood,
urine, tissues
20. Paleozoology – study of ancient and Volvox globator – a multicellular chlorophytan
fossil animals that illustrates three different levels of
biological hierarchy.
,Emergent Properties – appearance of new components and requires an input of
characteristics at a given level of energy.
organization. 6. Development – all organisms pass
through a characteristic life cycle.
7. Environmental Interaction – all animals
interact with their environments.
Ecology – study of organismal interaction with an
environment
Irritability – ability of organisms to respond
environmental stimuli.
8. Movement – living systems and their
parts show precise and controlled
movements arising from within the
system.
LIFE OBEYS PHYSICAL LAWS
1. First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of
3. Reproduction – living systems can Conservation of Energy)
produce themselves • Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Levels of Biological Complexity but van be transformed from one form
a. Molecular Level – electron to another
micrograph of replicating DNA. 2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
b. Cellular Level – micrograph of cell • Physical systems tend to proceed
division of mitotic telophase. toward state of great disorder or
c. Organismal Level – a king snake entropy.
hatching Zoology as part of Biology
d. Species Level – formation of new Eukaryotes – cells contain membrane-
species in the sea urchin. enclosed nuclei.
4. Possession of Genetic Program – a Heterotrophs – not capable of manufacturing
genetic program provides fidelity of their own food and must rely on external
inheritance food sources.
Nucleic Acid – encode structures of protein • Cells of animal lacks cell walls
molecules needed for organismal Scientific Method
development and functioning • Hypothetic-deductive Method is a
DNA – long, linear, chain of nucleotides that scientific process of making a
stores genetic information conjecture and then seeking empirical
Genetic Code – correspondence between test that potentially led to its rejection.
base sequences in DNA and the • Hypothesis – potential answers to
sequence of amino acids in protein. questions being asked.
James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered • Theory – a hypothesis that is very
the model of DNA double helix powerful in explaining a wide variety of
5. Metabolism – living organisms maintain related phenomena
themselves by acquiring nutrients from • Independent Variable – what you
their environments. change
• Metabolic processes like digestion, • Dependent Variable – what you observe
respiration and synthesis of required • Controlled Variable – what you keep
molecules and structures by organisms the same
Catabolic – reactions involve the breakdown of PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE
large, organic molecules into smaller, Paradigms – powerful theories that guide
simpler ones, accompanied by a release of extensive research
energy. Scientific Revolution – the refutement and
Anabolic – involves the building of complex, replacement of a paradigm.
organic molecules from smaller
, • The 2 major paradigms that guide • Foundation for current studies of
zoological research: genetics and evolution in animals
1. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Genetic Approach – mating populations of
2. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance organisms that are true-breeding for
Experimental Science – seek to explain the alternative traits.
proximate or immediate causes that Contribution of Cell Biology
underlie the functioning of biological
systems at a particular time and place.
Evolutionary Science – seek to address
question of ultimate causes and rely
largely on the use of the comparative
method rather than experimentation.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Over 150 years old
• Published in his book “On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection”
in England in 1859.
• Darwinism – encompasses several
different, although mutually compatible
theories.
• Ernst Mayr – proposed that Darwinism
should be viewed as five major theories: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
1. Perpetual Change – the living world is
neither constant nor perpetually
cycling, but is always changing.
2. Common Descent – all forms of life
descend from a common ancestor
through a branching of lineages
Phylogeny – structure of a branching
evolutionary tree.
3. Multiplication of Species – the
evolutionary process produces new
species by splitting and transforming
older ones
4. Gradualism – large differences in
anatomic traits that characterize
disparate species originate through
the accumulation of many small
incremental changes over very long
periods of time Elements – are pure substances that cannot be
5. Natural Selection – a creative separated into other substances by any
process that generates novel forms ordinary chemical change.
from the small individual variations
that occurring among organisms
within a population
Neo-Darwinism – describes Darwin’s
theories as modified by
incorporating the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance
Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance
, - Precursor or parent molecule of many
molecules
- Soluble, can move easily throughout the
water-bases internal environments of all
organisms
- Examples are Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose (GFG) - hexoses
Disaccharides – double sugars
- Sucrose (ordinary cane or table sugar)
- Maltose – Malt sugar
- Lactose - Milk Sugar
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Molecule – two or more like atoms combined Lactose Glucose + Galactose
chemically. Polysaccharides – polymer of
Compound – two or more different atoms monosaccharides
combined chemically. - Oligosaccharides – few sugar
CHEMICAL REACTIONS – atoms are united by - Composed of many molecules of simple
chemical bonds; atoms dissociate from sugars linked in long chains called
other atoms when chemical bonds are polymer
broken - Chitin – exoskeletons pf insects and
PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS other arthropods
1. Synthesis Reaction (A+B→AB) - Glycogen – an important polymer for
• Atoms or molecules combine storing sugar in animals (in liver and
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation muscle cells)
• Dehydration is synthesis of polymer - Cellulose - the principal structural
2. Decomposition Reaction (AB→A+B) carbohydrate of plants
• Molecule is broken down’ - Starch – carbohydrates storage in plants
• Chemical energy is released - All sugars are sweet, but they differ in
• Hydrolysis is decomposition of polymer the degree of sweetness. Sucrose is
3. Single Displacement (AB+C→AC+B) about six times sweeter than lactose,
4. Double Displacement (AB+CD→AD+CB) slightly sweeter than glucose, but only
Inorganic Compounds – lack carbon, tend to be half as sweet as fructose.
simpler compound, ionic bonding. E.g., 2. LIPIDS
water, carbon dioxide, salts, acids, bases - Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Organic Compound – contain carbon and - used by organisms for long term energy
hydrogen, most are covalently bonded storage (fats and oil)
e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic - Contains carbon, hydrogen, and
acid oxygen (no definite ratio)
BIOMOLECULES - Carbon and hydrogen outnumber
1. CARBOHYDRATES oxygen
• Monomer: Monosaccharide - Insoluble in water but are soluble in
• used as structural materials, fuels, organic solvent
storage and transportation of energy - Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen fat
(1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O) - Fat molecule is also called as
• Includes sugars and starches triacylglycerol
• Classifies according to size (Greek word -
“sacchar” means sugar) Lipids in the Human Body
1. Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)
Classification of Carbohydrates - Found in fat deposits
- Composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol.
Monosaccharides – simple sugars - Source of stored energy
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