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Too summarized! Lack of important information ...
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
what are microorganisms that do not invade or cause disease, called?
Answer: commensals
2.
what are microorganisms that cause disease when they invade called?
Answer: Pathogens
3.
What does virulence mean?
Answer: The ability to cause disease
4.
What are some physical barriers the body uses as a defense against pathogens?
Answer: The skin, and \'self-cleaning\' processes (vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, secreting mucus)
5.
What are sentinel cells?
Answer: They detect molecules associated with microorganisms and recruit leukocytes.
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Alarm systems are generated exogenous or endogenous signals. What do exogenous and endogenous mean?
Answer: Exogenous signals are generated by invading microorganisms. Endogenous signals are generated by dead or dying cells of the hosts body.
2.
exogenous signals consist of molecules produced by microbial invaders, what are these molecules called?
Answer: The molecules are called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
3.
endogenous signals consist of molecules released from damaged cells, what are these called?
Answer: These molecules are called Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs).
4.
What does PRR stand for?
Answer: Pattern Recognition Receptors. these recognize molecules on invading cells or dead cells and activate the immune system.
5.
The molecules on the surface of invading microorganisms are of a wide variety and are ever changing. How can the body still manage to recognize these invaders?
Answer: Pattern-Recognition Receptors target specific molecules that are essential for the survival of most microorganisms. these molecules are less likely changed are shared between entire classes of pathogens.
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What are the three signals damaged cells produce?
Answer: PAMPs, DAMPs and bioactive peptides (released by stimulated nerves)
2.
What are the three major cytokines?
Answer: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6.
3.
What is the general function of chemokines?
Answer: They coördinate the migration of cells.
4.
What is the effect when chemokines reach the brain?
Answer: They cause fever and sickness.
5.
What cells produce chemokines?
Answer: Sentinel cells.
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
what is the prime function of inflammation?
Answer: to ensure that phagocytic cells intercept and destroy invading microbes.
2.
What does polymorphonuclear mean?
Answer: These cells have a lobulated nucleus.
3.
What does mononuclear mean?
Answer: These cells have a single rounded nucleus.
4.
how are granulocytes classified?
Answer: Based on the staining properties of their granules
5.
what two cell types specialize in killing?
Answer: Macrophages and neutrophils
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What is the function of complement?
Answer: It regulates inflammatory processes, removes damaged or altered cells, sends danger signals to the body and regulates adaptive immune responses.
2.
What two molecules can activate the complement system?
Answer: Antigen-bound antibodies and PAMPs.
3.
What three major steps are involved in the complement pattern?
Answer: - Activation of the system - C3b must be generated - A terminal complement complex is assembled
4.
What three complement activation pathways are there?
Answer: -the alternative pathway (microbial carbohydrates) -the lectin pathway (microbial carbohydrates) -the classical pathway (antigen)
5.
where can you find complement?
Answer: free in serum or as cell surface receptors.
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What parts of an antigen and a receptor interact when they bind?
Answer: the chemical groups on the surface of the antigen and the complementary determining regions of the receptor.
2.
Covalent bonds are ..a., noncovalent bonds are ..b.. fill in -strong- -weak-
Answer: a= strong b= weak
3.
Is binding of an antigen to a TCR or BCR covalent or noncovalent?
Answer: Noncovalent
4.
what makes an antigen - receptor bond strong, even when the bond is noncovalent?
Answer: their shapes fit one another like puzzlepieces
5.
apart from the fit of an antigen and a receptor, what other bonds play a role in the strength of the bond?
Answer: Van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What are donated antigens called?
Answer: Immune globulins
2.
What is the downside of immune globulins?
Answer: Immune globulins are perceived as foreign. The first time using them the recipients body doesn’t remove them quickly so they work. A second time the host will remove the immune globulins quickly and they won\'t have time to work against infection
3.
Live vaccines trigger a response dominated by ..a.. T cells. Killed antigens stimulate ..b.. response. fill in CD4 and CD8
Answer: a= CD8 b= CD4
4.
What is attenuation?
Answer: Reducing the virulence of a viruse to use it as a vaccine
5.
How can atennuation be achieved?
Answer: by genetic manipulation
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