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WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides 2024/2025 (100% verified) A+ grade assured
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WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides 2024/2025 (100% verified) A+ grade assured
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WGUD236
Patho
-
Megan/Shay’ s
Study
Guides
What
is
the
primary
determinant
of
oncotic
pressure?
-
ANSAlbumin
Form
of
osmotic
pressure
exerted
by
proteins
-
ANSOncotic
Pressure
What
is
the
difference
between
adult
and
child
immunity?
-
ANSNaive
T
Cells
Fluid
and
electrolyte
levels
are
regulated
by
_________________,
which
regulates
actions
such
as
thirst,
ADH,
the
kidneys,
and
RAAS.
-
ANSOsmoreceptors
What
are
the
causes
of
dehydration?
-
ANS#Excessive
loss
#Inadequate
intake
#Both
What
s/sx
are
associated
with
dehydration?
-
ANS#Dry
mucous
membranes
#Decreased
skin
turgor
#Decreased
urine
output
#Low
blood
pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak
heart
rate
#Confusion
A
patient
with
a
viral
illness
and
severe
vomiting
has
an
elevated
CO2
level
and
pH
of
7.53.
She
is
breathing
slowly.
What
condition
does
she
have?
-
ANSMetabolic
alkalosis
The
patient's
pH
and
CO2
levels
are
both
elevated
(moving
in
the
same
direction).
This
indicates
metabolic
alkalosis.
The
CO2
level
is
high
because
her
respiratory
system
is
attempting
to
compensate
for
the
high
pH
by
exhaling
less
and
retaining
more
CO2.
Normal
CO2
level
-
ANS35-45
Normal
pH
level
-
ANS7.35-7.45
Normal
HCO3
level
-
ANS22-26
Michael's
pulmonary
edema
leads
to
respiratory
acidosis.
How
does
pH
impact
Michael's
basal
metabolic
panel?
Choose
3
answers.
His
CO2
level
is
increased
because
his
lungs
have
difficulty
removing
it
from
the
bloodstream. His
calcium
level
is
reduced
because
the
elevated
concentration
of
H+
makes
it
easier
for
Ca+
to
bind
to
albumin.
His
CO2
level
is
decreased
because
his
lungs
have
difficulty
adding
it
into
the
bloodstream.
His
sodium
level
is
decreased
due
to
hypervolemia.
His
K+
is
elevated
because,
as
H+
moves
inside
of
cells
in
an
attempt
to
get
it
out
of
the
bloodstream,
K+
moves
from
cells
into
the
bloodstream.
-
ANSHis
CO2
level
is
increased
because
his
lungs
have
difficulty
removing
it
from
the
bloodstream.
His
sodium
level
is
decreased
due
to
hypervolemia.
His
K+
is
elevated
because,
as
H+
moves
inside
of
cells
in
an
attempt
to
get
it
out
of
the
bloodstream,
K+
moves
from
cells
into
the
bloodstream.
A
hormone
panel
was
done
on
a
patient
with
congestive
heart
failure
and
fluid
volume
overload.
Which
elevated
hormone
on
the
patient's
chart
is
indicative
of
the
body's
attempt
to
reduce
the
fluid
overload?
Antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH)
Brain
natriuretic
peptide
(BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
-
ANSBNP
BNP
is
released
when
fluid
volume
excess
is
present.
Normal
sodium
level
-
ANS135-145
Hyponatremia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx?
-
ANSNa
<
135
Loss
of
energy
or
fatigue
Nausea
and
vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle
spasms
Low
blood
pressure
Dark
scanty
urine
Irritability,
disorientation
and
neurological
manifestations
Seizures
Hypernatremia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx
-
ANSNa
>
145
Excessive
thirst
Extreme
fatigue Confusion
Muscle
twitching
or
spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal
potassium
level
-
ANS3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx
-
ANSK
<
3.5
#Muscle
fatigue/cramping
#Nausea,
vomiting,
constipation
#Cardiac
dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia
(numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx?
-
ANSK
>
5.0
Muscle
weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia
(numbness/tingling)
Cardiac
dysrhythmias
Cardiac
arrest/MI
Normal
calcium
level
-
ANS8.5-10.5
Hypocalcemia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx?
-
ANSCalcium
<
8.5
Overexcitability
of
the
muscles
Muscle
twitching
Paresthesia
(numbness/tingling)
Chvostek
and
Trousseau
sign
(twitching
on
the
cheek
when
touched)
Cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx?
-
ANSCalcium
>
10.5
Muscle
weakness
Loss
of
muscle
tone
Spontaneous
fractures
Kidney
stones
Cardiac
dysrhythmias
Normal
magnesium
level
-
ANS1.6-2.6
Hypomagnesemia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx?
-
ANSMagnesium
level
<
1.6
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle
cramps
Irregular
heart
beat Hypermagnesemia
is
indicated
by
what
lab
result?
S/Sx?
-
ANSMagnesium
level
>
2.6
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory
depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular
heart
beat
Tay-Sachs
Disease
-
ANSAn
autosomal
recessive
inherited
genetic
disorder
caused
by
a
recessive
allele
(chromosome
15)
that
leads
to
the
accumulation
of
certain
lipids
in
the
brain.
Seizures,
blindness,
and
degeneration
of
motor
and
mental
performance
usually
become
manifest
a
few
months
after
birth,
followed
by
death
within
a
few
years.
Marfan
Syndrome
-
ANSInherited
autosomal
dominant
trait
(only
one
abnormal
copy
of
the
Marfan
gene
inherited
from
one
parent)
FBN1
gene.
Genetic
connective
tissue
disorder
that
can
affect
aorta
and
heart
valve
structures.
**If
one
parent
has
Marfan
syndrome,
each
child
has
a
50%
chance
of
inheriting
the
abnormal
gene
and
developing
the
condition.
If
both
parents
have
the
condition,
the
risk
of
their
child
inheriting
the
abnormal
gene
and
developing
Marfan
syndrome
increases
to
75%.
Turner
Syndrome
-
ANSA
chromosomal
disorder
in
females
in
which
either
an
X
chromosome
is
missing,
making
the
person
XO
instead
of
XX,
or
part
of
one
X
chromosome
is
deleted.
Underdeveloped
ovaries
(sterile)
Short
stature
(under
4'
7")
Amenorrhea
Webbing
of
the
neck
Edema
Underdeveloped
breasts/wide
nipples
Respiratory
rate
increases
during
exercise.
How
does
this
increased
respiratory
rate
allow
the
body
to
maintain
a
homeostatic
pH
level?
-
ANSThe
increased
exhalation
of
CO2
helps
to
increase
pH.
(The
increased
respiratory
rate
allows
more
CO2
to
be
exhaled.
Since
CO2
reacts
with
water
to
form
carbonic
acid,
getting
rid
of
more
CO2
through
increased
respiration
will
raise
pH)
An
ICU
patient's
arterial
blood
gas
results
show
low
pH
and
low
CO2
levels.
The
patient's
respiratory
rate
is
increased.
What
is
the
name
of
this
condition?
-
ANSMetabolic
acidosis
(Since
the
pH
is
low,
and
the
pH
and
CO2
are
trending
in
the
same
direction,
the
condition
is
metabolic
acidosis.
The
low
CO2
indicates
that
CO2
is
not
causing
the
acidosis.
The
increased
respiratory
rate
lowers
blood
CO2
in
an
attempt
to
compensate
for
the
metabolic
acidosis.)
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