Summary Civil Society Protests Timeline (Matric IEB History)
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Course
History
Institution
12th Grade
A comprehensive summary of the Civil Society Protests in the format of a timeline, allowing the student to see the flow of events during this time period. This aids in recognising cause and effect, leading to easier understanding of the subject material.
1850 = The ‘First Wave Women’s Movement’ began
1861 = The American Civil War begins
1863 = President Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all
slaves
1865 = The American Civil War ends
1866 = Black Codes are passed, restricting the freedom of African Americans
1896 = It is ruled that separate but equal facilities are constitutional in the Plessy vs.
Ferguson judgement after a black man was charged with sitting in an all-white
railroad car
1909 = National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) forms
1920 = The ‘First Wave Women’s Movement’ ended
1925 = Malcom X (Malcom Little) is born in Obama, Nebraska
1929 = 15 January: Martin Luther King Jnr. is born in Atlanta, Georgia
1939 = Second World War begins and African Americans are forced to join the army
1941 = a Stokely Carmichael is born in Trinidad
1942 = The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) formed in Chicago, Illinois
1945 = August: Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1946 = Malcom X is imprisoned for 8 to 10 years, where he was introduced to the Nation
of Islam (and Islamic sect led by Elijah Muhammad)
1952 = African Americans from South Carolina, Washington D.C., Kansas, Virginia and
Delaware demanded better education opportunities in the Brown vs. Board of
Education judgement
> Five lawsuits are launched against the Board of Education by a legal team
put together by Thurgood Marshall and Professor Charles Houston
= Stokely Carmichael arrives in New York
1954 = 17 May: Segregation of public schools is deemed unconstitutional by the US
Supreme Court
= MLK becomes the minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery,
Alabama
1955 = 28 August: Emmett Till is tortured and lynched
> Even after his murderers admitted to everything, they were found ‘not guilty’
by an all white jury
= 1 December: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat in the bus to a white man and
, is arrested and fined
= 5 December: The Montgomery Bus Boycott begins and King is asked to be the
spokesperson for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
1956 = Bus companies lost 65% of revenue, forcing the Supreme Court to outlaw
segregation on public buses
= 20 December: The bus boycott ends
1957 = February: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is formed by
MLK, Reverend Abernathy and Bayard Rustin
= An all-white board at Central Highschool in Little Rock, Arkansas, decides to
gradually integrate African Americans into the school
1958 = Ernest Brown is the first African American to graduate from Central High School
= September: Governor Faubus closes schools in Little Rock on an attempt to make
them private, segregated institutions
= The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) forms in Britain
1959 = MLK visited Ghandi’s birthplace and left feeling convinced that non-violent direct
action is powerful in bringing about change
= August: Little Rock’s schools are reopened
1960 = MLK moves to Atlanta
= 1 February: The first sit-in is staged at Woolworths in Greensboro, North Carolina
= 15 April: The Student Non-violent Coordination Committee (SNCC) forms and
Stokely Carmichael joins
= Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) is founded
1961 = 4 May: Freedom Rides begin in Washington D.C., and white mobs firebombed their
busses in Anniston, Alabama
>Stokely Carmichael participates and spends 49 days in Mississippi Jail
= September: Inter-state travel is desegregated by Robert F. Kennedy (Attorney
General); James Meredith enrols at the University of Mississippi
= 1 November: The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) bans segregation at all
interstate public facilities
1962 = The SDS draw up the Port Huron Statement to voice concerns over political
developments
1963 = The Civil Rights Movement focuses on Birmingham, Alabama and MLK is arrested
as a results of one of the protests on 12 April
= 16 April: MLK writes his ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’, appealing to the black youth
to take place of the working people in protests
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