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Pharmacology Module 3 2024/2025 graded A+ by experts
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Pharmacology Module 3 2024/2025 graded A+ by experts
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Pharmacology Module 3Blood pressure is - ANSpressure exerted against the walls of blood vessels as blood circulates
through the body.
Blood pressure is measured using an instrument called - ANSsphygmomanometer,
the first sound heard when listening during BP - ANSKorotkoff sound
The Korotkoff sound corresponds to the - ANSsystolic value (top number) of the patient's blood
pressure.
eventually the sounds disappear, representing that the brachial artery is now completely open. -
ANSdiastolic value (bottom number) in a patient's blood pressure.
the persistent systolic blood pressure of greater than 130mm/Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure
greater than 80mm/Hg. - ANSHypertension
Hypertension is often ______ and is also considered___________ - ANSAn asymptomatic
disease; most common disease state worldwide
Normotensive Blood Pressure - ANS<120/<80
Elevated Blood Pressure - ANS120-129/<80
Hypertensive - ANS>130/>80
Stage 1 hypertension, - ANS130-139/80-89
Stage 2 hypertension - ANS>140/90
also known as primary hypertension, is when the cause of the increased blood pressure is
unknown. - ANSEssential hypertension
when a patient's elevated blood pressure is caused by another disease. - ANSSecondary
hypertension
when a patient experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure when they change positions (i.e.
when going from a seated position to standing). - ANSOrthostatic hypotension,
Blood Pressure is determined by - ANScardiac output, blood volume, resistance to flow
, Cardiac output is determined by two factors: - ANSheart rate (beats per minute) and stroke
volume (volume of blood pumped per contraction of the heart).
SVR is determined by the - ANSdiameter of the blood vessel as well as the musculature nature
of the blood vessel.
An increase in any of the above factors: will result in a rise in blood pressure. - ANSheart rate,
stroke volume or SVR
Associated factors of blood pressure include: - ANSsodium intake, maintaining a healthy weight,
avoiding smoking, proper exercise, and minimizing stress.
BP Meds for Cardiac Factors: Heart Rate Contractability - ANSBeta Blockers, Calcium Channel
Blockers, and Centrally acting adrenergics
BP Meds for Circulating Volume Salt; Aldosterone - ANSACE Inhibitors, Diuretics
Hormones Vasodilators; Vasoconstrictors - ANSVasodilators Prostaglandins ACE-Inhibitors
Calcium Channel Blockers Angiotensin II blockers
Peripheral Sympathetic Receptors Gonstrictos; Dilators - ANSReceptors Alpha blockers Beta
blockers
CNS regulation of BP - ANSCentrally Acting Adrenergics
Local regulation of BP - ANSPeripherally Acting Adrenergics
the resistance generated by the flow of blood through the arteries. - ANSPeripheral resistance
the kidney releases an enzyme called leads to further vasoconstriction, water and sodium
retention, and an increase in blood pressure. - ANSrenin
with high blood pressure there is an increased peripheral resistance which in turn -
ANSdecreases the blood supply to the kidney.
The goal is the reduction of cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality -
ANSantihypertensive therapy
cardiovascular risk assessment takes several factors into consideration such as -
ANScardiovascular history, family history, diet, exercise, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking
history, presence of diabetes.
What ate the four main sites of action for antihypertensives? - ANSBrain, heart, blood vessels,
kidney
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