Research Process correct answers Question, design, findings, publishing
True Experiment correct answers designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental Design correct answers designs in which random assignments c...
ESB TEST 2 || with 100% Accurate Solutions.
Research Process correct answers Question, design, findings, publishing
True Experiment correct answers designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent
variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental Design correct answers designs in which random assignments cannot be
used
Quasi Independent Variables correct answers variables treated as if they were independent
variables in the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate them
Self Reports correct answers any measurement technique that directly asks a participant how
they think/feel
Advantages of Self Report correct answers inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info from
the source
Disadvantages of Self Report correct answers social desirability concerns, potential demand
characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible retrospective bias
Behavioral Measure correct answers a measure of a participant's actions in a research design,
must be able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior (Behavioral
trace/observation/choice)
Raw Score correct answers the actual score; trace score + error
True Score correct answers what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of that
attribute and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors
Error correct answers extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true
score; (random error + bias)/systematic error
Random Error correct answers variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic or
chance factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was used multiple
times
Systematic Error correct answers aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given
direction, worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions
Strategies for Minimizing Error correct answers standardization of experiments, reduce scorer
biases
Observer/Scorer Bias correct answers misinterpreting an observation based on the researcher's
existing beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc
, Ceiling Effect correct answers occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too
low, leading everyone to select the highest response
Floor Effect correct answers occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too
high, leading everyone to select the lowest response
Reliability correct answers stability or consistency of a measure
Validity correct answers the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a
measure must first be reliable
Population correct answers the entire group of interest in a research study from which a sample is
drawn
Sample correct answers a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data
Sampling Plan correct answers explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the
population; goal is to represent the population you are sampling
Probability Sampling Method correct answers everyone in the population of interest has an equal
chance of being recruited
Simple Random Sampling correct answers participants are randomly selected from the
population
Strata Random Sampling correct answers subset is randomly selected from various
subpopulations or categories
Cluster Random Sampling correct answers dividing the total population into groups and
randomly selecting which groups participate
Non Probability Sampling correct answers everyone in a population of interest does NOT get an
equal chance of being recruited, creates bias
Convenience Sampling correct answers nonrandom selection of participants readily available to
the researcher
Quota Sampling correct answers freely choosing any participant as long as they meet an
established quota
Purposive Sampling correct answers sample chosen based on who the researcher thinks would be
appropriate for the study
Snowball Sampling correct answers existing study participants recruit future participants from
among their acquaintances
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