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PHL200 INRODUCTION TO ETHICS 2024 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED,,,Alpha
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PHL200 INRODUCTION TO ETHICS 2024 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED,,,Alpha
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PHL200 2024 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSLATEST UPDATED
Who is Thales and what is he famous for - (correct answer) Presocratic philosopher
famous for predicting eclipse
What did thales believe about nature and our world - why - (correct answer)
Believed that natural world is from water
How did ari deduct why thales think natural world comes from water - (correct answer)
Bc all thing are moist and have moist nature - even hot comes from moist and lives in it
and water is the principle of all moist things
What is hesiod's theory of how the natural world came to be - (correct answer)
Theogony - that chaos lead to establishment of Olympian God (Gaia, Tartaros, zeus,
hara, etc) and each part of cosmos is identified w certain God's characteristic and
personality
What does archê mean - (correct answer) fundamental principle, substance, or
underlying element from which everything else originates or derives (translated as
"beginning," "origin," "source," "principle") often used to explain the nature of reality and
the cosmos for presocratic phils
What is Anaximander's view of archê - (correct answer) "Boundless" or "Infinite"
(Apeiron) as archê encompassing the diversity and multiplicity of the cosmos within
itself bc its eternal, indestructible, and devoid of any specific qualities or characteristics
Why does Anaximander deny his teacher thales's view of archê - (correct answer)
Bc thales failed to recognize how opposite natures lead to one another - so how
something wet like water produce something dry (like earth) - its too determinant
What is Anaximenes's view of archê (2 reasons) - (correct answer) Air as it could
make everything through condensation and rarefaction (density and quality of air) -
moist air condensed into cloud then into rainwater then even more condense into earth
then more rarified becomes fire AND air moves itself, it moves other things (always in
motion
What is Pythagoreans' argument - (correct answer) Think archai is numbers
(numerical rations, proportions, order) - universe is fundamentally mathematical and
that the relationships between numbers and geometric forms govern all aspects of
reality
What is Heraclitus' argument (give 2 ex of flux) - (correct answer) Archai is logos as
it reps unity that emerges from the constant flux of universe interconnecting all things -
,ex. Fire is in constant flux burning and destroying and river bc no single river has been
stepped into twice
What does Heraclitus mean by Logos - (correct answer) any significant idea or
communication—be it a story, logic, explanation, or organizing principle—acts as a
guiding force in the universe (everything is how it is bc they hang tgt - planned or
account and systems), akin to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and Unity of
Opposites (systems to move from ordered states to disordered states over time AND
opposites are interconnected and part of a unified whole - nothing is stable)
What is parmenides' argument - (correct answer) There is only one true reality
which is "Being" and this existence is necessary and unavoidable - What "is not" is
unspeakable and unthinkable (and this true reality is unchanging - change is an illusion)
What is Parmenidean dilemma - (correct answer) Change must be from what is or
what is not, but change cannot be from what is and what is not - thus we cannot explain
change (we cant understand it - its an illusion)
Ex. change red to blue - cant change from red to red but also cant change from what its
not because something cannot come from nothing
What is the response to Eleatic Challenge or "Problem of Change" (Parmenidean) -
(correct answer) Pluralism (existence of multiple principles) assert change is real and
observable as reality is made of multiple fundamental elements/principles not by single
unchanging substance (combo of these make up objects we see)
Who are the pluralists - (correct answer) Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Leucippus and
Democritus of Abdera
What is Empedocles of acragas - (correct answer) One of pluralist that proposed the
existence of four basic elements—earth, water, air, and fire (stoixeia)—which interact
through the forces of love and strife to generate change in world (love brings things tgt
and strife derives things apart)
What is the Clepsydra (water thief) argument and who is it by - (correct answer) By
Empedocles to explain perception and nature of reality (just as clepsydra responds
finger dipping by water level rise, eye "receive" particles emitted by objects we perceive
- perception isn't just about passively receiving information it involves active interaction
between senses and objects we perceive)
What is Anaxagoras of Clazomenae's argument - (correct answer) One of pluralist
that proposed existence of a cosmic mind or intellect (Nous - also called seeds) as the
primary organizing principle of the universe - nous is from physical world and is not
mixed w material substances (unlimited and ultimate)
What is Leucippus and Democritus of Abdera and their argument - (correct answer)
Atomists positing atoms and void is the really real stuff and that all matter is composed
, of indivisible and indestructible particles which move and interact in an infinite void
allowing possibility of change and motion (building blocks of reality - everything due to
how atoms interact)
Properties like redness that you perceive are due to underlying atomic structure
Who are sophists - (correct answer) Wondering teachers that taught virtue and how
to live the good life (which is doing your job well) w very persuasive speeches
What is euthyphro's case - (correct answer) His father indirectly killed laborer but
murder is murder (but laborer is not a family member) and he is prosecuting his own
father - euthy is so sure of his divine attitude to piety socrates questions
What are 3 attempts of Euthyphro's definition of Piety - (correct answer) 1.
"prosecuting the wrongdoer" just gave qualities of piety - qualities is not definition
2. "what is dear to gods is pious and what isn't is not" - gods have disagreements with
one another
3. "what all gods love is pious and what all gods hate is impious" - makes the most
sense but leads to something else
What is wrong with premise "prosecuting the wrongdoer" (qualities is not definition) -
(correct answer) "A definition of F should apply ONLY to cases of F - definition of piety
should specifically capture what makes an action pious and exclude anything that does
not fit that criteria - Necessary and sufficient condition (need definition of piety that
applies universally to all instances of piety)
What does elenchus lead to (tax ex) - (correct answer) reductio ad absurdum -
making arguments into absurdity by showing it contradicts w other view it holds
Lowering taxes is a just action
Just actions always benefit people
Lowering taxes does not always benefit people
What is wrong with the premise "what is dear to gods is pious and what isn't is not" -
(correct answer) This leads to contradictions as something could be loved and hated
by god but 2 opposite things cannot be true at once (impious and pious)
What is wrong with the premise "what all gods love is pious and what all gods hate is
impious" - (correct answer) Leads to Explanatory priority - Is the pious being loved
by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it being loved by the gods
Solve the Explanatory priority problem - (correct answer) The pious being is loved
by the gods because it is pious because the gods loving something explain why it is
loved by the gods - but that also makes it a quality of piety (of being love by Gods) not
the definition
what is true opinion - ex. statues of Daedalus - (correct answer) judgments that
correspond to reality (accurate judgment about something without necessarily
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