WGU D203 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024 NEW UPDATED GUIDE;ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SOLVED AND VERIFIED 100%(EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO PASS D023 IS HERE)
Anatomy - The study of the body's structure
Physiology - The Study of the body's functioning
Levels of human body (smallest to largest) - Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
11 Basic systems that make up human body - Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary, Immune(lymphatic), Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive (male and female)
Anterior (Ventral) - Front/ Direction toward front of body
Posterior (Dorsal) - Back/ Direction toward back of body
Superior (Cranial) - Position above/ higher than another part of the body
Inferior (Caudal) - Position below or lower then another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail
Lateral - Side or direction toward the side of the body
Medial - Middle or direction toward middle of the body Proximal - Position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body.
Distal - Position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Superficial - Position closer to the surface of the body
Deep - Position farther from the surface of the body
What percent of body weight does skeletal system account for? - 20%
Humans have a vertebral column (backbone) so they are classified as what? - vertebrates
The bones of the skeleton are divided into two divisions: - axial and appendicular
Axial skeleton is comprised of - Head and trunk of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib cage. Bones along the center, or axis, of the body. Bones of the extremities. It is appended to the axial skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton is comprised of - remaining bones that are not axial so the bones of the limbs (arms, legs, hands, feet) and girdles(shoulder and pelvic)
How many bones in adult human skeleton - 206
Compact bone tissue - forms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. Gives bones their smooth, dense, solid appearance. Accounts for 80% of total bone mass of adult skeleton
Spongy bone tissue - Fills part or all of interior of bones. It is porous like a sponge, with irregular networks of spaces. Much less dense than compact bones. Greater surface area than compact bones but
only 20% of bone mass. Five classifications of bones based on size and structure - Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones
Long Bones - consist of long shaft, are cylindrical in cross-section, and usually expanded at either end. Mostly comprised of compact bone but have spongy bone within ends. ACT AS LEVERS FOR THE SKELETAL MUSCLES TO ACT UPON.
Short Bones - Generally equal in width and length. Mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone. ALLOW SMALL AMOUNTS OF VARIED MOVEMENT WHEN ARTICULATED TOGETHER
Flat Bones - Smooth, thin bones comprising of 2 thin and flat plates of compact bone, between which lies a layer of spongy bone. THEY PROTECT SOFT INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE ATTACHMENT FOR MUSCLES
Irregular Bones - Elaborate in shape - not classified into any other category
Sesamoid Bones - Small or bony nodules embedded in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure like a knee, hand, wrist, or foot
What type of bone are these? Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh), clavicle (collarbone), radius(forearm), ulna(forearm), phalanges(fingers and toes), tibia (lower leg), fibula (lower leg) - Long Bones
What type of bones are these? Carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones - Short Bones
What type of bones are these? Skull (Cranial), rib cage, scapula (shoulder blade) - Flat Bones
What type of bones are these? Vertebrae (spine), hip bones, mandible (jaw) - Irregular Bones
What type of bones are these? Patella (kneecap) - Sesamoid Bones Joint (articulation) - where two bones come together
3 categories of joints (articulations) based on range of movement - immoveable, partly moveable, and movable
3 main types of joints (articulations) based on structure - Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial
Cartilaginous Joints - Connected by hyaline cartilage, have no joint cavity (Joint b/w adjacent vertebrae in spine)
Fibrous Joint - Connected by dense connective tissue and have no joint cavity (skull, ribcage)
Synovial Joines - Fluid filled cavity called a bursa that surrounds and provides cushion for articulating bones (hip, knee joints)
bursa - a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
3 types of connective tissue - Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon
Cartilage - Tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of moveable joints and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Gives shape and support to other parts of body like ears, nose, and windpipe
Ligament - Bines one bone to another. Helps to hold structures together and allows for side to side stability. The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) attaches the thigh bone to the shin bone and stabilizes the knee joint
What does ACL stand for? - anterior cruciate ligament
Tendon - Attaches muscle to bone. Aids in movement of bone or structure. EX: Achilles tendon connects
calf muscle to heel bone.
