Here's a concise note covering key topics in CBSE Class 10th geography:
1. *Resources and Development*:
- Resources are the various elements of nature that are useful to humans, such as land, water, minerals, and forests.
- Resources are classified into natural resources (renewable and n...
Resources = Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it
is technologically accessible economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource.”
Humans transform material available in out environment into resources and use them. These resources
can be classified in the following ways-
(a)On the basis of origin- biotic and abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility - renewable and non renewable
(c) the basis of ownership – Individual, Community owned , National and International
(d) On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
Types of Resources
(a) On the Basis of Origin
Biotic = These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, for flora and fauna.
Abiotic = All those things which are composed of non- living things are called abiotic resources. For
example – rocks and metals.
(b) On the Basis of Exhaustibility
Renewable Resources = The resources which can be renewed on reproduced by physical, chemical or
mechanical processes are known as renewable resources.
For example: Solar and wind energy, water, forests etc.
Non-Renewable Resources = These resources take millions of year in their formation. These occur over a
very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources.
(c) On the Basis of Ownership
Individual Resources = These are also owned privately by individuals. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds,
waters in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals.
Community Owned Resources = There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the
community. Ex:- grazing grounds Village Ponds, playground, etc.
,National Resources – All the resources belong to the nation. All the minerals, water resources, forests..
wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the
coast as territorial water and resources. Therein belong to the nation.
International Resources = There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The
oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles are called international resources. No individual country
can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.
(d) On the Basis of Status and Development
Potential Resources = Reserves which are found in a regions. But have not been utilised.
Example = Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar
energy but so for those have not been developed.
Developed Revered = Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been
determined for utilisation.
Stock = Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy humans needs but we do not
have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock.
Reserves = Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing
technology but their use has not been started.
Sustainable development
Sustainable development means. Development should take place without damaging the environment,
and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
(1). In June 1992 you heak of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil for the first international Earth
Summit.
2). The resembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climate Change and Biological Diversity.
(3). The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving
Sustainable Development in the 21st century.
Agenda 21
(1).It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
(2) It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental
damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared
responsibilities.
,(3) One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local
Agenda 21.
Why resource planning is essential? What are the steps of resource planning?
Answer = Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. Therefore, it is. More
important in a country like India which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are
regions here which are rich in certain types of resources but one deficient in some other resources.
Hence, balanced resource planning is essential at the national. State, regional and local levels. Steps of
resource planning are as follows –
1. Indentification and inventory of process which involves the of resources across the different
states of the country. This work involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurment of the resources.
2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up
for implementing resource development plans.
3. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Land Resources
1. India has land under a variety of features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands.
2. About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for wanted to agriculture
and industry.
3. Mountains account he masses. For 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and
ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.
4. About 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of
minerals, fossil fuels and forests.
, LAND UTILISATION
Land resources are used for the following purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a)Barren and waste land
(b)Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(a).Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b). under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),
(C) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
(a).Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year).
(b).Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area
(a)Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
Land Use Pattern In India
1. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. Land use data, however, is available only
for 93 per cent of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the
north-east states except Assam has not been done fully.
2. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 per cent of
the total area i. Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands.
3. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area, as it
was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).
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