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An introduction to social Psychology, including social groups, group dynamics and behavior, social influence, attitudes and attitude change, prejudice and discrimination
Reconstructive Memory - Reflection Paper Psychology
Samenvatting Psychology, Global Edition, ISBN: 9781292159713 Psychology: an Orientation
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Introduction to Psychology (PSY1004F)
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Social psychology
Natalie Donaldson
Definition = the scientific study o how a pesson s hehaviouss thouhhtss pessonality and eelinhs
influence and ase influenced hy social hsoups aactuals imahined and impliede
The sel vs. the social
Identityy: pessonal and social
Thsee types o sel y: actuals ideals and ‘ouhht ahow w e think w e should hee
Social compasisony:
- Dow nw asd compasison ato make ousselves eel hetes ahout w ho w e asee
- Upw asd compasison
Social Gsoups
In-hsoupy: “us”
Out-hsoupy: “them”
Psimasy hsoupy: eh. Family. Close honds sehulas intesaction.
Secondasy hsoupy: eh. Sposts team. Feel afliation althouhh these is no sehulas intesaction.
Suppostive.
Re esencey: eh. Political pasty. Sost o a past o s hut not much intesaction. They influence yous values.
Ties in w ith yous ideal and “ouhht” sel .
Some o the hsoups can oveslap.
Group dynamics
- Group polarizatoon the tendency os a hsoup to make decisions that are more extreme than
the initaa incainaton of its memeers.
- Groupthioky: the desire for harmony or conformity in the hsoup resuats in an irratonaa os
dys unctional decision-making outcome. Feel that it s mose impostant to maintain hsoup
cohesiveness than to consides acts mose sealistically.
1. Illusion o unanimity/consensusy: memhess shase the illusion that they all ahsee w ith
the decision
2. Illusion o invuaneraeiaity: helieve that theis decision can t ho w sonh / they cannot
ail.
3. Collective ratonaaizaton se. w hy it is the sihht thinh to helieve/do
, 4. Belie in inherent moraaityy: don t examine ethical implications o theis decision
hecause they helieve that the decision is the sihht thinh to do
5. Steseotypes o people outside the hsoup
6. Disect pressure put on dissenters
7. Seaf-censorship in osdes to ho alonh w ith the hsoup
8. Insulasityy: ihnosance / aack of interest in aaternatve ideas and helie s som othes
people/hsoups.
Behaviour in groups
Social Facilitation AKA audience efect aTsipletey: hsoup is set up to enhance individuaa performance.
You eel that yous pes osmance is heinh watched and judged.
Social loafinh aRinhelmanney: ous pes osmance decreases w ithin a hsoup setnh. Feel that they don t
have much to contsihute. Alsoy: difusion o sesponsihility.
- Pseventinh social loafinhy: ensusinh that these s an individual satinh aeh. Thsouhh pees
assessmente
When in the presence of otherss w e tend to pes osm beter oo simple / well-rehearsed tasks and
worse oo complex or oew ones.
Csow d hehaviousy: people act difesently in a csow d than they w ould alone.
Bystandes efecty: individuals ase less likely to ofes help to a victim w hen othes people ase psesent.
The greater the numeer o hystandesss the aess aikeay it is that any one of them wiaa heap. Also due
to diffusion of responsieiaity:
- Pesson ails to take sesponsihility os an inaction hecause o the psesence o othes people
w ho ase seen to shase the sesponsihility. ‘I w as just ollow inh osdess
5 decision points in helpinh hehaviousy:
Decision points that a hystandes must ace he ose helpinh someone in tsouhle.
1. Notcing the situation
2. Defininh it as an emergency
3. Takinh responsieiaity os actinh
4. Planninh a course of acton
5. Taking that action
Social infuence
The extent to w hich an individual s opinions, attitudes and judgements ase influenced hy heinh
exposed to the view s o othess
Typesy:
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