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Evolutionary Analysis, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Herron & Freeman, ISBN: 9780321616678, All 20 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition$17.99
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Evolutionary Analysis, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Herron & Freeman, ISBN: 9780321616678, All 20 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition
Evolutionary Analysis, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Herron & Freeman, ISBN: 9780321616678, All 20 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition
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Evolutionary Analysis 5th Edition
by Jon C. Herron; Scott Freeman Chapters 1 - 20
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 A Case for Evolutionary Thinking: Understanding HIV
2 The Pattern of Evolution
3 Evolution by Natural Selection
4 Estimating Evolutionary Trees
5 Variation Among Individuals
6 Mendelian Genetics in Populations I: Selection and Mutation
7 Mendelian Genetics in Populations II: Migration, Drift, &
Nonrandom Mating
8 Evolution at Multiple Loci: Linkage and Sex
9 Evolution at Multiple Loci: Quantitative Genetics
10 Studying Adaptation: Evolutionary Analysis of Form and
Function
11 Sexual Selection
12 The Evolution of Social Behavior
13 Aging and Other Life-History Characters
14 Evolution and Human Health
15 Genome Evolution and the Molecular Basis of Adaptation
16 Mechanisms of Speciation
17 The Origins of Life and Precambrian Evolution
18 Evolution and the Fossil Record
19 Development and Evolution
20 Human Evolution
,Chapter 1 A Case for Evolutionary Thinking: Understanding HIV
1) In which of the following regions has AIDS killed the largest number of individuals?
A) India
B) Sub-Saharan Africa
C) United States
D) China
E) United Kingdom
Answer: B Section:
1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The HIV virus contains all of the following components except .
A) integrase
B) double-stranded RNA
C) single-stranded RNA
D) reverse transcriptase
E) protease
Answer: B
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) The acronym HIV stands for which of the following?
A) human intercellular virus
B) human immune virus
C) human immunodeficiency virus
D) human immunity virus
E) human immunodeficiency vector
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Which of the following enzymes is responsible for transcribing viral RNA into DNA?
A) RNA polymerase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) DNA polymerase
D) reverse integrase
E) RNA duplicase
Answer: B
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
,5) The proteins that enable the HIV virus to bind to cells are typically CD4 and CCR5. On what
type of cells are these proteins typically observed?
A) plasma cells
B) dendritic cells
C) effector helper T cells
D) memory helper T cells
E) both C and
DAnswer: E
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) The AIDS phase of HIV infection begins when the concentration of CD4 T cells in the blood
drops below what concentration?
A) 2,000 cells per cubic millimeter
B) 1,000 cells per cubic millimeter
C) 500 cells per cubic millimeter
D) 200 cells per cubic millimeter
E) No CD4 T cells are observed.
Answer: D
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Which of the following drug categories are used to treat HIV infections?
A) integrase inhibitors
B) protease inhibitors
C) reverse transcriptase inhibitors
D) DNAse inhibitors
E) fusion inhibitors
Answer: D Section:
1.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) Coreceptor inhibitors block HIV infection by preventing which of the following?
A) binding of the HIV virion onto the plasma membrane
B) binding of the HIV virion onto the CCR5 receptor
C) binding of the HIV virion onto the gp120 protein
D) degrading the coreceptor so the virion cannot attach
E) binding of the HIV virion onto the CD4 receptor
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
9) What is the effect of the ∆32 allele of CCR5 on HIV binding?
A) appears on the surface of CD4 T cells, but the HIV virion is unable to infect the host cell
B) does not appear on the surface of CD4 T cells
C) appears on the surface of the CD4 T cells and inactivates the virion upon binding
,D) interferes with binding of the virion to the CD4 receptor protein
,E) appears on the surface of the CD4 T cells and causes the virion to lyse upon binding
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
10) The ∆32 allele of CCR5 is found at the highest frequency in which of the following
populations?
A) Africans
B) Japanese
C) North Americans
D) Europeans
E) South Americans
Answer: D Section:
1.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) HIV-1 is believed to have been transmitted to humans from which of the following
organisms?
A) gorillas
B) sooty mangabeys
C) African green monkeys
D) chimpanzees
E) baboons
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) HIV-1 Group M is responsible for 95% of human infections. When is it estimated that HIV-1
Group M was transferred to humans?
A) 1980
B) 1960
C) 1930
D) 1995
E) 1900
Answer: C
Section: 1.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) Antibodies and killer T cells recognize HIV or HIV-infected cells by binding to short piecesof
viral proteins displayed on the virus or the infected host cell. These short pieces of viral proteins
are called .
A) coat proteins
B) virosomes
C) proteosomes
D) epitopes
E) episomes
Answer: D
,Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Tetherin is an important protein produced by the host. What is the function of tetherin in
protecting a host cell from HIV?
A) ties maturing virions to the membrane of the host cell, thereby preventing the release of the
mature virus
B) binds the virus to the external host cell membrane, thereby preventing the virus from entering
the host cell
C) binds the viral RNA to reverse transcriptase, thus preventing synthesis of the viral DNA
D) binds the two viral RNA strands together, thus preventing the transcription of viral DNA in
the host cell
E) causes the maturing virions to aggregate together, thus preventing their release from the host
cell
Answer: A
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
15) Early in the infection with HIV, most virions bind to the host cell using CCR5 as a
coreceptor. As the infection progresses, the HIV population evolves to use an alternate
coreceptor. What is the alternate coreceptor these X4 viruses utilize?
A) Tetherin
B) CCR5α
C) vpu
D) TRIM5α
E) CXCR4
Answer: E
Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) In what region of the world is the incidence of infection with HIV highest?
Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Originally, HIV was thought to be restricted to transmission during homosexual contact
between gay men. List other ways in which HIV is currently known to be transmitted.
Answer: HIV can be transmitted by heterosexual sex, oral sex, needle sharing, transfusion with
contaminated blood products, other unsafe medical procedures, childbirth and breast-feeding.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) What does the acronym AIDS stand for?
Answer: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
, 19) What viral coat protein typically binds first to the CD4 receptor on helper T cells?
Answer: gp120
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) When AZT is used to treat HIV infections, why does resistance to AZT usually develop?
Answer: Mutations present in the viral population, due to the lack of proofreading and high error
rate of the viral reverse transcriptase, enable mutant virions to discriminate against the incorporation
of AZT during transcription.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
21) It has been observed that viral particles often revert (back mutate to non-AZT-resistant
populations when treatment with AZT is discontinued. What is the most likely reason for this
observation?
Answer: There is no more selective pressure applied to the viral population, and in the absence of
AZT the viral particles that reproduce most efficiently have not evolved enough to have the ability
to discriminate against AZT.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
22) What is the molecular mechanism by which reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT,
prevent viral replication?
Answer: These molecules are analogues of the nucleotide building blocks of DNA, and typically
prevent binding or elongation of the of the transcribed DNA molecule.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) In what host cell protein is the Δ32 mutation found, and what type of mutation is this? Answer:
The Δ32 mutation is found in the CCR5 coreceptor on CD4 helper T cells, and is a 32-base pair
deletion.
Section: 1.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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