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Summary Depression and antidpressants
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Summary in question flashcard format of depression
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DepressionHow is norepinephrine synthesised?
Starts with amino acid tyrosine which is obtained from the diet
Found in noradrenergic neurons
Converted to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA is converted to dopamine in the cytoplasm of the neuron
Then converted into norepinephrine in vesicles by dopamine beta hydroxylase.
How is norepinephrine metabolised?
By enzyme monoamine oxidase
What pathways are norepinephrine found in?
Alertness
Arousal
Sensory protection
Motor tone
How is serotonin synthesised?
Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase
Then converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptamine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
Then converted to serotonin inside the vesicle at the axon terminal
What pathways is serotonin used in?
Sleep
Food intake
Thermoregulation
Sexual behaviour
Pain
Motor tone
How does the body tightly control serotonin release?
5HT1A receptors
Found on the somatonergic region
Found in the midline of the brainstem
5HT1A receptor is an inhibitory receptor on the somatodendritic region preventing
the firing of the neuron.
Therefore preventing overactivation of serotonin neurons
However, in excessive serotonin concentrations these receptors are downregulated
Types of depression
CKS look in definition
Mild: in low spirits, makes everything a little harder
Major: life threatening, can make you suicidal
, Unipolar:major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, postnatal depression
etc. (no mania only periods of depression)
Bipolar: alternating periods of depression and mania (look at week 5)
Risk factors
Female
Genetics
Life events
Drugs
Alcohol
Side effects of medication
Diet
Childhood experiences
Chemical changes in the brain
Symptoms of depression
Look in diagnosis
Pharmacological treatments of depression
SSRIs
SNRIs
TCA
MAOIs
Ketamine
Psychedelics
Other Interventions of treatment that are not pharmacological
Psychotherapy
o Talking
o Cognitive behavioural therapy
o Counselling
Electroconvulsive treatment
Deep brain stimulation
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