BSC Exam 1 Study Guide with correct answers 2024

- answers- Feedback System - answers-Nervous or Hormonal Regulation Receptor - answers-Sensor in body that responds to changes in environment caused by stimulus by sending signals to a control center somewhere else in the body Control Center - answers-processes the signal about stimulus from receptor and sends instructions Determines the set point around which the controlled condition is maintained Stimulus - answers-A change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react Effector - answers-provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus (carries out response) Chemical - answers-Most basic level Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of the body's mass Made up of atoms Cellular - answers-made up of the smallest unit of living matter, the cell Sum of chemical reactions allow the cell to carry out a specific and unique task Epithelial - answers-A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out connective tissue - answers-A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts muscular tissue - answers-Contracts and moves the various parts of the body. nervous tissue - answers-carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. Organ - answers-A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body System - answers-related organs working for a common function integumentary system - answers-Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail skeletal system - answers-Protects and supports body organs and provides framework for muscles Made up of bones and joints Muscular System - answers-Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint enables movement for body and muscle organs nervous system - answers-Includes the brain, spinal cord, & peripheral nerves Central Nervous System-brain and spinal cord Peripheral- everything else Functions- detects changes and encodes them into electrical impulses Processes the impulses Activates effectors to induce an appropriate response Endocrine System - answers-Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. cardiovascular system - answers-Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. lymphatic system - answers-Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection. Transports various substances respiratory system - answers-Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. digestive system - answers-Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body. urinary system - answers-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. reproductive system (female) - answers--produces and transports eggs -site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation -secretes hormones -oocytes reproductive system (male) - answers--produces and transports sperm -secretes hormones Homeostasis - answers-process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment negative feedback system - answers-A reaction that causes a decrease in function in response to some kind of stimulus. positive feedback system - answers-strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions Axial - answers-Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body Appendicular - answers-Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis Anterior - answers-Towards the front of the body Ventral - answers-Toward the belly Posterior - answers-back of body Dorsal - answers-toward the back Superior - answers-above Cephalic/ cranial - answers-toward the head Inferior - answers-below caudal - answers-toward the tail Lateral - answers-away from the midline Medial - answers-toward the midline Proximal - answers-Nearer to the trunk of the body Distal - answers-Farther from the trunk of the body Deep - answers-Away from the body surface; more internal superficial - answers-Towards surface Axial Plane - answers-A horizontal flat surface dividing the body into upper and lower parts; also known as the transverse plane Coronal plane - answers-divides body into front and back saggital plane - answers-divides the body into a right and left side Hypertonic - answers-Solution with a salt concentration greater than .9% Isotonic - answers-concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Hypotonic - answers-solution that is less concentrated than the fluid within the cell Mitosis - answers-division of the nucleus Prophase - answers-Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase - answers-Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase - answers-Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase - answers-the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. cell cycle - answers-interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Interphase - answers-Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases G1 - answers-Replication of organelles. Synthesis of cytosolic components (e.g., enzymes required during the S phase). Beginning of centrosome replication. S phase - answers-DNA replication G2 phase - answers-stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles Cytokinesis - answers-division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells Transcription - answers-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template Translation - answers-Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced active transport - answers-Uses cellular energy to drive the movement of polar and charged solutes across the plasma membrane, requires transporters and ATP passive transport - answers-Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (diffusion), Moves with the concentration gradient DNA vs RNA - answers-DNA: deoxyribose sugar, thymine, double strand RNA: ribose sugar, uracil, single strand somatic cell division - answers-occurs when one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells (23 chromosomes) reproductive cell division - answers-Occurs only in gonads offspring cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Endocytosis - answers-process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane Exocytosis - answers-release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane. Transcytosis - answers-transport into, across, and then out of cell receptor-mediated endocytosis - answers-The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells - answers-phagocytosis process by which a cell takes in droplets - answers-process by which a cell takes in droplets pinocytosis Strengthens the plasma membrane - answers-cholesterol The force that draws water into a solution - answers-osmotic pressure hereditary factor in a cell - answers-genes the substance manufactures according to the DNA code - answers-protein Nucleotides - answers-building blocks of nucleic acids Centriole - answers-the organelle that is active in cell division ATP - answers-main energy compound of the cell The chemical in the nucleus that makes up the chromosomes - answers-DNA The nucleic acid that carries information from the nucleus to the ribosomes - answers-RNA Mitosis does not occur in the same rate in all cells - answers- Anabolism produces - answers-complex materials needed for body functions True/ false The elongated canal that contains the spinal chord is called the ventral cavity - answers-False A substance that moves most rapidly through the cell membrane is - answers-water The muscular partition between the two main ventral body cavities - answers-diaphragm Term describing the central region of the abdomen just below breast boneEpigastric - answers-Epigastric Another name for navel - answers-umbilicus Term that describes the uppermost (chest) portion of the ventral body cavity - answers-thoracic A plane of division also used to describe as a transverse cross section - answers-horizontal T/F A solution that is more concentrated than the intracellular fluid is described as hypotonic - answers-False T/F "A long, whiplike extension from the cell is called a flagellum." - answers-True The cavity below the abdominal cavity is the - answers-pelvic cavity T/F If the prefix para indicates along side of, then a parasagittal plane would run parallel and lateral to the midsagittal plane. - answers-True A force that draws water into a solution is - answers-osmotic pressure Within the cell, ribosomes are attached to the - answers-endoplasmic reticulum A nucleotide contains a nitrogen base, a sugar unit, and a - answers-Phosphate group T/F all endocrine glands produce hormones - answers-True T/f The ribosomes are made of DNA. - answers-false t/f The phase of metabolism in which simple compounds are built into more complex substances is catabolism. - answers-false- anabolism