Exam (elaborations)
Nurs 611 EXAM 3 - 2024
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Nurs 611 EXAM 3 - 2024...
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Nurs 611 EXAM 3 - 2024Iron deficiency IDA - ANSWER can arise inadequate dietary intake
or excessive blood loss. The most common cause in developed
countries is pregnancy and chronic blood loss. Early symptoms are
nonspecific and include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and
pale earlobes, palms, and conjunctivae
Hyperpituitarism: Primary Adenoma - ANSWER are usually benign
slow-growing tumors that arise from cells of the anterior pituitary.
Local expansion may cause both neurologic and secretory defects.
The adenomatous tissue secretes the hormone of the cell type from
which it arose, without regard to physiologic needs and without
benefit of regulatory feedback mechanisms.
Hyperpituitarism: Primary Adenoma - ANSWER the pressure
produced by this adenoma is also associated with decreased
function of neighboring anterior pituitary cells, which results in
hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones
Hypersecretion of Prolactin - ANSWER Prolactinoma
Hypersecretion of Prolactin - ANSWER Pituitary tumors that
secrete prolactin, prolactinomas, are the most common of the
hormonally active pituitary adenomas
Hypersecretion of Prolactin - ANSWER Other conditions or
medications can elevate prolactin level in the absence of a pituitary
pathologic condition. For example, renal failure, polycystic ovarian
disease, breast stimulation, or even the stress of venipuncture can
increase prolactin levels.
Hypersecretion of Prolactin - ANSWER Prolactin is under tonic
inhibitory hypothalamic control through the secretion of dopamine
prolactin inhibitor factor [PIF] Thus medications that block the
effects of dopamine can increase prolactin production and stimulate
,proliferation of prolactin-secreting cells lactotropes.
Hypersecretion of Prolactin - ANSWER antipsychotics
risperidone, chlorpromazine metoclopramide, tricyclic
antidepressants, and methyldopa. Any process that interferes with
the delivery of dopamine from the hypothalamus to the lactotropes
pituitary stalk tumor, pituitary stalk transection, or compressive
pituitary tumor also results in hyperprolactinemia. Because TRH
stimulates prolactin secretion, in addition to enhancing TSH release,
prolactin concentration may be elevated in individuals with primary
hypothyroidism.
prolactinoma - ANSWER is sustained increases in serum prolactin
concentration. These tumors can be classified as
microprolactinomas <1 cm in size or macroprolactinomas >1 cm in
size . Central nervous system symptoms may develop because of
growth and pressure of the adenoma within the sella turcica.
Microprolactinomas - ANSWER are usually encapsulated and
noninvasive,
Macroprolactinomas - ANSWER commonly expand into the optic
chasm, invade local structures, and are more difficult to treat.
Because the adenoma can become an increasingly space-occupying
lesion, hypopituitarism may occur because of compression of
surrounding hormone-secreting cells Central nervous system
symptoms may develop because of growth and pressure of the
adenoma within the sella turcica.
actions of prolactin - ANSWER include breast development during
pregnancy, postpartum milk production, and suppression of ovarian
function in nursing women
Pathologic elevation of prolactin hyper - ANSWER levels inhibits
the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, alters the
pattern of release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
hormone, and suppresses gonadal steroidogenesis, thereby
resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes. This
, causes amenorrhea, infertility, nonpuerperal milk production
galactorrhea, and hirsutism in women. If not detected until after
many years, estrogen deficiency may result in osteopenia or
osteoporosis.
Hyperprolactinemia - ANSWER in men causes erectile
dysfunction, infertility, and osteopenia. Symptoms related to the
increasing size of the adenoma include headache or visual
impairment
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER Lower levels of thyroid hormone result
in decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation,
bradycardia, and lethargy. In primary hypothyroidism the loss of
functional thyroid tissue leads to a decreased production of TH.
Causes in adults include autoimmune thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER Hashimoto disease, iatrogenic loss of
thyroid tissue after surgical or radioactive treatment for
hyperthyroidism, head and neck radiation therapy, medications, and
endemic iodine deficiency.
Hyperthyroid Conditions - ANSWER Graves Disease results from a
form of type II hypersensitivity in which there is stimulation of the
thyroid by autoantibodies directed against the TSH receptor.
Hyperthyroid Conditions - ANSWER These autoantibodies, called
thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins override normal regulatory
mechanisms. The TSI stimulation of TSH receptors in the gland
results in hyperplasia of the gland goiter and increased synthesis of
TH
Hyperthyroid Conditions - ANSWER Increased cardiac output and
decreased peripheral resistance; tachycardia at rest;
supraventricular dysrhythmias
Restlessness; short attention span; compulsive movement; fatigue;
tremor; insomnia; increased appetite; emotional lability
Hyperthyroid Conditions - ANSWER Enlarged thyroid gland goiter;
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