**17 pages of in-depth study guide over Topic 4.1-4.4**
The study guide delves into various aspects of water, starting with the hydrological cycle, which involves the movement of water on Earth. It covers percentages of freshwater distribution and explains storages (inputs) and flows (outputs) w...
Topic 4 Study Guide
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Topic 4.1
Hydrological Cycle
● Hydrological Cycle: the movement of water around the planet, run by the sun
● About 2.5-3% of the water on Earth is freshwater
○ 68.7% = Glaciers and ice caps
○ 0.4% = surface water (lakes, rivers, etc.)
○ 30.1% = groundwater
○ 0.8% = permafrost
● Storages (Inputs)
○ Examples of storage can be: (know at least 3 by heart)
■ Oceans
■ Surface waters, such as streams, rivers and lakes
■ Ice caps and glaciers
■ Soil moisture
■ Water vapor and clouds within the atmosphere
■ Groundwater within aquifers
■ Organisms, such as plants and animals.
● Flows (Outputs)
○ Transformations = a change in the state of water
■ Ex. Water → Steam
● Evaporation: the process that changes liquid water to gaseous
water (water vapor).
● Transpiration: the process where water evaporates into the
atmosphere through plants
● Evapotranspiration: the sum of all processes by which water moves
from the land surface to the atmosphere via evaporation and
transpiration
● Sublimation: the conversion between the solid and the gaseous
phases of matter, with no intermediate liquid stage
, ● Condensation: the process by which water vapor in the air is
changed into liquid water
● Melting: When solid ice gains heat, it changes state from solid ice
to liquid water
● Freezing: When liquid water grows cold, it changes state from
liquid water to solid ice
● Deposition: occurs when water vapor changes state directly from a
gas to a solid
○ Transfers = a change in the location of water
■ Ex. River water → Lake water
● Advection: The movement of water — in solid, liquid, or vapor
states — through the atmosphere
● Precipitation: When water that falls from the atmosphere to the
Earth's surface
● Surface run-off: precipitation that runs off the landscape
● Infiltration: is the process of water being absorbed into the ground
● Absorption: in the water cycle refers to the process by which water
is taken up by the soil, plants, or other surfaces, contributing to
groundwater recharge or plant growth.
● Percolation: the water cycle involves the downward movement of
water through soil or porous rock layers.
● Groundwater flow: describes the movement of water underground,
typically through permeable rock layers or aquifers.
● Stream flow: refers to the movement of water in a natural channel,
such as a river or creek, due to gravity.
● Flooding: occurs when an area is inundated with water, often due
to excessive rainfall, snowmelt, or the overflow of bodies of water
like rivers or lakes.
, ○
Example of Hydrological Cycle of Storages and Flows^^^
Global Conveyor Belt
● About the GCB
○ Also known as thermohaline circulation
○ Thermo = the colder the water the more dense it is. (temperature)
○ Haline = the greater the salinity the more dense the water becomes. (salt)
○
● How it Works
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