Summary Biology: Bones and muscles detailed notes with question/answers and mcqs:Alevel:Fsc:12thgradee
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Course
Biology
Institution
Sixth Year / 12th Grade
These are notes for support and movements. Covers each topic with brief and easy explanation.Mcqs are given with key at last as well. Questions with answers are elaborated perfectly
Well explanation of bones, cartilage and muscles.
Q:2 What is the difference between Tetanus and Muscle Tetany?
Tetanus Musc
• It is an acute infections disease caused by anaerobic bacterium • It is the disease caused by lo
Clostridium tetani. • It increases the excitability o
• It results in persistent painful spasms of some skeletal muscles. • Muscle twitches and convuls
Initially it causes look aw, then spasm of trunk and limb muscle, • If untreated, may lead to s
usually fatal due to respiratory failure. ultimately death occurs.
• It is major killer in developing countries where mortality rate is 40%.
Q:3 What is a ligament?
Ans: Ligament:
Ligaments attach bone to bone and are slightly elastic.
OR
Ligaments are touch but elastic bands of connective tissues that hold the bones together at a joint.
Example:
Ligaments holding ulna and radius with the humerous.
Q:4 What is nutation?
Ans: Nutation:
, Prof. Ijaz Ahmed Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology
Q: 5 How many ribs do not attach with the sternum?
Ans:
Two pairs of ribs do not attach with the sternum. These two pairs of ribs are called as floating ribs.
Q:6 How rickets produced?
Ans:
Rickets is a disease in children with bowed legs and deformed pelvis. It is caused by deficiency of calcium in
Q:7 What is the cause of tetanus?
Ans: Cause of tetanus:
Tetanus is an acute infections disease caused by anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani.
Q:8 How muscle fatigued is produced?
Ans: Muscle fatigued is produced:
• Muscle fatigue results from relative deficit of ATP.
• When no ATP is available contractures or states of continuous contraction result because the cross bri
• Excess accumulation of lactic acid and ionic imbalance also contribute to muscle fatigue. Lactic acid
muscle to ache) causes extreme fatigue by breaking glucose.
Q:9 Distinguish between the following:
Ans:
(a) Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton:
Axial skeleton Append
• The axial skeleton is consists of the skull, vertebra, ribs and sternum. • Appendicular skeleton con
(fore limb) and pelvic girdle
• Function: • Function:
▪ It forms main axis of body. ▪ It forms extension of ma
▪ It protects head, neck and chest. ▪ It forms lever system wh
, Prof. Ijaz Ahmed Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology
(b) Phototactic and Chemotactic stimulus.
Phototactic stimulus Chemot
• Phototactic stimulus is light stimulus. • Chemotactic stimulus is che
• Example: For example passive movement of chloroplast. • Example: For example mo
ferns toward archeogonium.
(c) Octeocyte and Octeoblast.
Octeocyte O
• They are called mature bones cell. • They are called bone formin
(d) Brachialis and Brachioradialus.
Brachialis Brac
• Muscles inserted in ulna are brachialis. • Muscles inserted in radius are
• It is attached to immovable bone. • Its origin is humerous and is in
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