AP Biology Exam Review Chapters 1-9
Questions and Answers
prokaryote
unicellular organism that doesn't have a nucleus
eukaryote
organism whose cell contains its genetic material inside a nucleus (includes all life other than viruses,
archaea, and bacteria)
endosymbiosis theory
theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another
hydrolysis
breaking a polymer from the addition of water
polymer
macromolecule made of monomers
monomer
a simple molecule that always has at least 1 water
functional groups
certain small groups of atoms found consistently together within biological molecules
carbohydrates
large structural molecules that transport stored energy
monosaccharides
simplest form of a carbohydrate, consist of at least 1 sugar
glycosidic linkages
formed by linkage of monosaccharides via condensation
triglyceride
a lipid composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
saturated fatty acid
fatty acid containing one or more signle-bonded carbon pairs with hydrogen, solid fat, high melting
point
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid containing one or more double-bonded carbon pairs, oils, low melting point
, amphipathic
a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
phospholipids
composed of 1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid molecules, and 1 phosphate compound, form bilayer,
amphipathic
metabolism
total number of chemical reactions in a biological system
anabolic reaction
links simple molecules to form more complex molecules (endergonic)
catabolic reaction
breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (exergonic)
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
100% efficiency is impossible when transforming energy
cell theory
states that cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms, all cells come
from pre-existing cells
plasma membrane
surrounds the cell, regulates the entry and exit of molecules and ions
organelle
membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell
nucleoid
region that harbors chromosomes of a prokaryotic cell
cytoplasm
fluid that contains contents of the cell
cytosol
the fluid portion of cytoplasm, excludes organelles and solids
ribosome
a small particle in the cell that is the site of protein synthesis
Questions and Answers
prokaryote
unicellular organism that doesn't have a nucleus
eukaryote
organism whose cell contains its genetic material inside a nucleus (includes all life other than viruses,
archaea, and bacteria)
endosymbiosis theory
theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another
hydrolysis
breaking a polymer from the addition of water
polymer
macromolecule made of monomers
monomer
a simple molecule that always has at least 1 water
functional groups
certain small groups of atoms found consistently together within biological molecules
carbohydrates
large structural molecules that transport stored energy
monosaccharides
simplest form of a carbohydrate, consist of at least 1 sugar
glycosidic linkages
formed by linkage of monosaccharides via condensation
triglyceride
a lipid composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
saturated fatty acid
fatty acid containing one or more signle-bonded carbon pairs with hydrogen, solid fat, high melting
point
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid containing one or more double-bonded carbon pairs, oils, low melting point
, amphipathic
a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
phospholipids
composed of 1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid molecules, and 1 phosphate compound, form bilayer,
amphipathic
metabolism
total number of chemical reactions in a biological system
anabolic reaction
links simple molecules to form more complex molecules (endergonic)
catabolic reaction
breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (exergonic)
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
100% efficiency is impossible when transforming energy
cell theory
states that cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms, all cells come
from pre-existing cells
plasma membrane
surrounds the cell, regulates the entry and exit of molecules and ions
organelle
membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell
nucleoid
region that harbors chromosomes of a prokaryotic cell
cytoplasm
fluid that contains contents of the cell
cytosol
the fluid portion of cytoplasm, excludes organelles and solids
ribosome
a small particle in the cell that is the site of protein synthesis
