PSYC 345 Final Exam - Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

PSYC 345 Final Exam - Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Sexism is a bias based on the belief that men are superior to women, and it is more difficult to see in today's society. Androcentric thinking refers to _______ ways of thinking. male-centered According to the American Psychological Association (APA), sex refers to _______ and gender refers to _______. biology and anatomy; attitudes and roles associated with biological sex Davenport (2016) examined whether socioeconomic status, religion, and gender would determine how three biracial subgroups of women and men (Latinx-White, Asian-White, and Black-White) would define their racial identity. The results indicated that socioeconomic status and religion predicted whether participants identified as White or as a racial minority. Davenport concluded that how people racially identify may be affected by other social categories (e.g., class, religion, gender). This is an example of intersectionality. Patricia has cerebral palsy, a type of physical disability. She is more likely to face degradation due to her economic and social realities, including poverty, lack of access to accessible housing, and a lack of opportunities in the workplace despite educational attainment. She is also more likely to be physically or sexually mistreated by a partner. This scenario is an example of oppression. Does the difference change in different contexts? is one of the questions to take into account when examining gender research. True Research demonstrates that women who deviate from traditional gender-typical behaviors are often referred to as animal-related terms (e.g., "bitch"). This is an example of degrading language. Meta-analyses on gender difference research have generally found that reported effect sizes tend to be Negligible Jamila conducts a meta-analysis to analyze results from hundreds of studies on gender and intelligence. She finds no significant gender differences and decides to discard this work, so that she can focus on research that does identify significant differences. Jamila's decision to not publish her work on nonsignificant findings is known as the _______ problem. file drawer The following events are noteworthy features of which wave of feminism: The Seneca Falls Convention, the emphasis on women gaining the right to vote, and Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" address, which critiqued how Black women were not protected with basic human rights, including freedom from physical and emotional pain and abuse? the first wave Alexandra is Chicana, and is often asked, "Where are you from?" When she replies "Los Angeles," the rebuttal is often, "No, I mean where you really are from," implying she couldn't possibly have been born in America. This is an example of a microaggression. If manspreading, a sitting style characterized by spreading the legs wide into a V-shaped slouch, did not indicate higher male status, then women and men would manspread in equal numbers. The Broadway musical Miss Saigon is based on the Vietnam War and features a lead Asian female character, Kim, who is depicted as passive and a victim. This is an example of which of the following? the racialized sexist China doll stereotype Which of the following is true about third world feminism? It argues for an interconnected view of feminism that values cross-cultural differences and does not defer to more powerful countries, such as the Western world or the United States, without lived experience and knowledge of feminism within the culture Adam and Alexandra are debating the origins of gender differences and life outcomes. Adam argues that because women give birth, they are predisposed to staying home to raise children, or if they are driven to work outside the home, they are better suited to be nurses than doctors. Alexandra points to feminist psychologists' work on gender socialization, noting that sex and gender are not the same thing. Adam's explanation is based on ________, whereas Alexandra considers the _______ model. neurosexism; biopsychosocial Meta-_______ is the process that statistically combines results from large numbers of studies, whereas ________ statistically combines the results of many meta-analyses. analysis; meta-synthesis The matrix domination is a movement among feminist sex workers whose goal is improved medical benefits. False Keisha is a feminist psychologist whose research questions test the idea that women and men can be equally good caretakers. She argues that, when girls and boys are similarly socialized to care for others, they are just as likely in adulthood to offer nurturing behaviors to others. Her approach to research on women and men would be considered the _______ perspective. Similarities Which of the following accurately describes psychological research and bias? The identities of both the researcher and the selected participants may contribute to bias. PsychoPsychology of women is most accurately described as a subfield of psychology that focuses on the lives of girls and women, with the inclusion of political and social movements. Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies operant conditioning? Sondra loves wearing pink after her father says how beautiful Sondra looks in this color. Lottie, age 4, protests when her parents embrace. She pushes her mother away and hugs her father's leg, saying, "my daddy." Freudian theorists might interpret Lottie's reactions as a sign of which of the following? an Electra complex The complex, lifelong process of understanding oneself and others in terms of gendered expectations is known as gender socialization. Dr. Lopez identifies with more than one gender and uses the pronouns they/their/them. Dr. Lopez could be considered a _____ individual. pangender or polygender The tendency for children to affiliate with others of the same gender and to avoid those of the other gender is known as gender segregation. Professor Nguyen begins her lecture with, "Because we can only understand gender in terms of the options that are socioculturally available, people in different cultures recognize and adopt different gender identities for themselves." The topic of this lecture is most likely postmodern perspectives on gender. 5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition in which testosterone cannot convert to dihydrotestosterone. Which theory BEST explains the following events: after Wendy watches her mother feed and rock her new baby brother, she holds and rocks her doll and pretends to feed the doll with a bottle. social learning theory Why might some bisexual individuals choose to describe their sexual identity differently depending on the gender of their current partner? Bisexual individuals may feel pressure to conform to dominant binary standards because of negative attitudes from society. According to ________, cultural beliefs about gender are not based on objective facts about inherent essential characteristics of gender; rather, these beliefs uphold particular social and economic systems and inequalities. social construction theories Jian-Yu was born biologically male, but wishes to be a woman. However, Jian-Yu is reluctant to come out as transgender and thus continues to use male pronouns, dresses as a man, and engages in behaviors that society labels as traditionally masculine. Jian-Yu is experiencing an inconsistency between _____ and _____. gender identity; gender expression Which perspective suggests that the very idea that there is only two genders is only true in certain social contexts? Postmodernism Which of the following scenarios exemplifies cisgender privilege? Sarah, a cisgender woman, is able to use the women's bathroom without any issues while Sam, a transwoman, often receives disapproving looks when entering a women's bathroom. You are holding a newborn baby dressed in all white asleep against your shoulder. Someone asks if the baby is a boy or a girl. If you say, "_____," research suggests that the person who asked is MOST likely to mention the word, "_______" girl; sweet Which of the following focuses on how children integrate their own sense of self with the network of assumptions they've learned about how people with different genders are supposed to think, feel, and act? gender schema theory A benefit of using the term "differences" of sex development rather than "disorders" of sex development is that it encompasses greater genetic variation over the term "disorders." Liam is crying because a girl in his class grabbed his arm and told him he now has girl germs that won't wash off. The children in this class are enacting which of the following concepts? Borderwork According to a study presented in your text, when a new baby is born, "Is it a boy or a girl?" is the first question about _____ % of the time. 80% Which of the following accurately defines gonads? a pair of sex glands that have the potential to become ovaries or testes Which of the following refers to the ways in which the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs, and values? hidden curriculum When children learn about their sexual body parts, about sexual and romantic relationships, and where babies come from, they are experiencing sexual socialization. Anais is celebrating her 21st birthday at the beach, where she and a large group of friends are playing volleyball and swimming. Who might be involved in objectifying Anais? men, women, and Anais herself Self-objectification may be considered the LEAST harmful when it occurs during specific, time-limited activities, such as trying on clothes or being photographed Which of the following is NOT an example of how compulsory heterosexuality can affect social interactions? Jan and Monique decide to include their neighbor, Richard, into their polyamorous relationship. The set of interrelated assumptions in Western culture about what sex involves and what people should expect during sex is known as a sexual script. Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies the sexual double standard? After Jennice and Tyrone have sex for the first time, Jennice is slut shamed by Tyrone's friends. Leigh Ann is a lesbian woman who comes out to her sister. When her sister asks her if she is still a virgin, the sister is communicating which part of the traditional sexual script? Real sex involves a woman and a man.