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AP Comparative Government Exam Review Cards/97 Questions and Answers
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AP Comparative Government Exam ReviewCards/97 Questions and Answers
Authoritarian - -A system of government in which decisions are made by
political elites, without much input from citizens. They may be ruled by a
single dictator, a hereditary monarch, a small group of aristocrats, or a single
political party.
EX: China
-Bureaucracy - -Literally "rule by the desk," they consist of agencies that
generally implement government policy. They are usually part of the
executive branch of government. They are often majority merit based, with
hierarchical structure, and have well established formal rules.
-Charismatic Leader - -A person or group with a dynamic personality that
inspires followers to support him/her/them. Occasionally, followers with be
devoted to the point that they would die for their leader. Governments based
on this principle rarely continue past their founder.
EX: Tony Blair, Mao Zedong, Ayatollah Khomeini
-Civil Service - -The term for the portion of the government that is involved
in improving the quality of life of the citizens. They are appointed based on
merit rather than political affiliation.
-Civil Society - -The term or organizations outside the state that aid citizens
in advancing their interests. They are very strong in liberal democracies,
where citizens are more encouraged to exercise their freedoms.
Organizations may be based on class, religion, or ethnic ties, or may go
above these to create a more united society outside of governmental control.
-Cleavages - -This is the term for divisions in society that should
theoretically be outside the bounds of political issues. They include class,
religion, and ethnicity and have a large impact of policy making. Can be
either cross-cutting or cumulative.
EX: Religion in the UK is a societal cleavage, and it is often cumulative with
the other cleavage of ethnicity. Northern Irish Catholics vs. British
Protestantism.
-Cross-cutting cleavages - -Cross-cutting cleavages are many cleavages
that divide the population in different ways and along different lines, and
prevent too much polarization.
, -Cumulative cleavages - -Cumulative cleavages are multiple divisions that
fall almost exactly along the same line in the population, and leader to a
more divisive and polarized state.
-Democratic Corporatism - -This arrangement is when government officials
interact with people or groups outside the government before they set
policy. Often times these groups are business or labor leaders, or members
of a patron-client system.
EX: In some countries, such as Mexico, unions operate under corporatism,
where the union represents a large fraction of the workers and has a large
influence in governmental policy.
-Coup d' etat - -Literally "blows to the state," they are a replacement of the
leadership of the country with new leaders. Coups are often carried out by
the military and usually occur when the new leader forcibly takes power
when political institutions are weak.
EX: In Iran, in 1953 there was a coup d'état against the elected government
to place the authoritarian and pro-Western Shah back into power.
-Command Economy - -Economies where centralized planning and state
ownership are the norm. Command economies have strong ties to socialist
principles, and are mostly fading from existence in favor or market or mixed
economies.
EX: The Soviet Union and China both had command economies, where
industries were state owned and the government had massive oversight on
the economy.
-Constitution - -A constitution is a set of basic rules concerning decision
making, rights, and the distribution of authority in a political system. They
can be fully written out o based on tradition and precedent.
EX: The UK constitution does not exist as a single documents, but rather as
all previous laws and interpretations of the Law Lords, with a strong basis in
tradition and legitimacy from the Monarchy
-Decentralization - -Policies that aim to transfer some decision-making
power from higher to lower levels of government, where the lower level of
the government cannot be dissolved by the national power. The power is
placed into a sovereign body that shares its power with the national
government.
EX: In the US, powers granted to the states are decentralized, where power
cannot be removed from the entirely, nor can states be dissolved.
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