Anatomy Final Exam WSU fully solved and updated

Gross anatomy of the kidney: which of these is also considered to be a part of the ureter? - answer-renal pelvis Which of these is confined to the renal medulla and is NOT in the renal cortex? - answer-long loops of the nephron In the first-in-the-balloon demonstration in lecture, which part of the kidney's filtration barrier was represented by the part of the yellow balloon that was touching Dr. Mallatt's fingers? - answer-podocytes with their filtration-slit diaphragms Molecules that are reabsorbed from the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney then enter the_____. - answer-peritubular capillaries Comparing proximal and distal convoluted tubules: choose the FALSE statement. - answer-distal-tubule cells have a larger volume of mitochondria This year in lecture, we introduced another, different name for transitional epithelium. What is that other name? - answer-urothelium A hospitalized man got a urinary tract infection from a non-sterile catheter that was placed in his penile urethra to drain urine from his bladder. The infection was not detected, so it spread far. Trace the path of its spread through the urinary system, in the correct order. - answer-urethra to bladder to calices to kidney Choose the correct path of the filtrate or blood flow in the kidney. Note: the path need not to be complete, but it needs to have no mistakes within it. - answer-arcuate artery to interlobular artery to afferent arteriole to glomerulus to efferent arteriole. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by_____and it targets the _____. - answer-neurohypophysis, collecting ducts A clinical test reveals that a boy's right kidney is located in his pelvis rather than in his posterior abdominal wall. What does this likely mean? - answer-this kidney failed to ascend from its original, embryonic location How does a surgeon identify the ductus deferens in the upper scrotum, in order to cut it in a vasectomy? - answer-feels for its thick, muscular walls that make it feel hard, like a wire. Circle the correct statement about the blood-testis barrier. - answer-it prevents autoimmune destruction of sperm by lymphocytes Choose the correct statement about the interstitial cells of Leydig. - answer-they are endocrine-gland cells All these things happen when an early spermatid changes into late spermatid, except: That is, choose the thing that does NOT happen. - answer-meiosis occurs In lecture, we told of how ejaculated semen holds together in the form of a bullet so it can be directed toward the mouth of the females cervix, instead of spraying wildly within the vagina and missing its target. Dr. Mallatt later read on the internet that this same process holds the semen together in a jelly-like sticky mass that adheres around the mouth of the cervix, also increasing the chances of fertilization. What is the process called? - answer-clotting of the semen A blood sample reveals that a patient has high levels of "PSA". What does this mean? - answer-a man may have prostate cancer What is the mechanism of erection of the penis? - answer-Parasympathetic input signals the arteries to the erectile bodies to dilate. Choose the correct association between the hollow organ and the epithelium that lines it. - answer-duct of the epididymis: pseudostratified columnar, secretory What is the homologue in the male of the female clitoris? - answer-penis The fluid that accumulates in the growing ovarian follicle, so that the follicle greatly enlarges is.... - answer-antral fluid (liquor folliculi) Choose the FALSE statement about a corpus luteum. - answer-FALSE: It is scar tissue resembling a mass of raw, kneaded bread dough Correct: --It is present after ovulation, but not present right before ovulation --It is made from theca and granulosa cells --it is orange or muddy-yellow in color --It secretes progesterone When, in a female's menstrual cycle, does ovulation typically occur? - answer-Day 14 (middle) Use logic to deduce the most common cause of ectopic pregnancies in humans. - answer-Some twisting, scarring, or partial blockage of the uterine tube. The uterus and uterine tubes show similarities at the historical level. All the following structures in the uterus are also present in the oviduct except for____, which is NOT present in the oviduct. - answer-EXCEPT: mucosa of oviduct has no simple rectangular glands, but they are present in the endometrium of the uterus Present: --simple cuboidal epithelium lines the lumen --both ciliated and secretory cells --smooth muscle layer --serous membrane (visceral peritoneum) on the outside How much of the endometrium layer is shed during menstruation? - answer-The inner 80% of the endometrium is shed Choose the only FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: the anterior fornix of the vagina is nearer the pelvic peritoneal cavity than is the posterior fornix True: --Both corona radiata and a zona pellucida are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity along with oocyte. --secretions from the duct of the epididymis, seminal glands, prostate gland, and uterine tube all help sperm to swim better and become more able to fertilize an ovum. --cervical glands secrete a mucous plug that keeps bacteria from the vagina out of the uterus --epithelium of the vagina is special in that it makes the vagina acidic. Choose the correct statement about the breast. - answer-breast cancer often spreads to the axillary lymph nodes in armpit Use logic to figure out the answer to this question: the artery whose branches supply blood to the medial part of the breast was formerly called the "internal mammary artery." What is the modern, official name of this artery? - answer-internal thoracic Placenta: in the second half of a pregnancy the placental barrier of the villus thins from four layers to two. This thinning allows more efficient passage of substances across the barrier. The two middle layers that are lost: - answer-cytotrophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm What is the early embryo's contribution to the developing placenta? - answer-Trophoblast contributes Choose the only place where hormones are NOT secreted into the blood. - answer-NOT: supraoptic nucleus in hypthalmus ARE: --parathyroid glands --pars nervosa --adrenal medulla in the adrenal gland --pars distalis The pituitary contains several important beds of capillaries. Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: the secondary capillary bed lies upstream of (=drains into) the hypophyseal portal veins TRUE: --The primary capillary bed in the median eminence receives hormones from axon terminalis --The secondary capillary bed in the pars distalis delivers releasing hormones to the endocrine cells of the pars distalis --The secondary capillary bed in the pars distalis receives adenohypophyseal hormones, such as ACTH, FSH, LH and prolactin. --Releasing hormones first enter the primary capillary plexus Choose the correct pairing between the hormone and its source gland. - answer-Growth hormone comes from pars distalis Where are releasing hormones made? - answer-in cell bodies in the hypthalamus Adrenal gland. Choose the correct statement: - answer-Zona fasciculata: cells arranged in parallel cords Thyroid gland: Choose the correct statement. - answer-The colloid in this gland mainly consists of thyroglobulin. What is the special function of the oddly shaped, tubular mitochondrial cristae in endocrine cells that secrete steroid hormones? - answer-Some steps in the manufacture of the steroids take place on these cristae. Use logic to choose the only hormone in this list that is made and secreted by a basophil cell in the pars distalis. - answer-melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endocrine glands. Choose the statement. - answer-They have a rich blood supply, with many capillaries, so they can quickly secrete many hormones into the blood. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt told you this old philosophical quote from medieval times, in Latin: "inter faeces et urinum nascimur" What point was Dr. Mallatt making? - answer-It revealed the arrangement of the external urethral opening, vaginal opening, and anus in the female perineum. Circle the correct statement about the parts of the uriniferous (kidney) tubule. - answer-Reabsorption is when the proximal and distal tubules reclaim good ions and molecules by pumping them from the tubule into surrounding capillaries. Choose the FALSE statement about the kidney. - answer-FALSE: the basic functional difference between renal cortex and medulla is that medulla makes the urine and the cortex just concentrates this urine. TRUE: --A major calyx is smaller than renal pelvis (pelvis of the ureter). --A renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular (Bowman's) capsule --A uriniferous (kidney) tubule consists of the nephron and collecting duct. --Renal corpuscles are in the renal cortex Cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: Distal-tubule cells have a large volume of mitochondria than do proximal-tubule cells. TRUE; --The proximal-tubule cells have long and dense microvilli, to increase surface area for absorption and secretion --Both kinds of cells have folds in their lateral and basal plasma membranes, to provide membrane area for holding lots of enzymes involved in reabsorption and secretion --Both these kinds of cells have more mitochondria than do other, more "average" cells of the body, because these kidney cells require lots of energy --Both are ion-pumping cells What is the order in which sodium ion in the blood passes through the filtration barrier of the kidney? - answer-endothelial pore, basal lamina, slit diaphragm What cells have slit diaphragms and pedicels? - answer-podocytes The vasa recta of the kidney... - answer-are located only in the renal medulla After the collecting-duct cells in the kidney bind to ADH (antidiuretic hormone), they respond by... - answer-becoming more permeable to water Choose the FALSE statement about transitional epithelium. - answer-FALSE: the only place it occurs is in the urinary bladder TRUE: --It is part of a mucous membrane (mucosa) --It is a stratified epithelium --One of its functions is to let the bladder stretch as it fills with urine --One of its functions is to act as a barrier, preventing poisonous urea from diffusing into the bladder wall. Where is an interlobar artery located in the kidney? - answer-in a renal column A person has a urinary-tract infection that first enters the urethra, and then, untreated, it spreads up the whole urinary tract. Choose the correct order in which the infection spreads. - answer-Urethra to bladder to ureter to renal pelvis to major calyx to minor calyx to renal medulla and cortex. Varicocele is a condition in men in which the pampiniform veins of the spermatic cord become varicose, meaning they bulge and swell with slow-flowing or stagnant venous blood. A man with a varicocele in both his right and left spermatic cord... - answer-could become sterile from overheating of the testis In the testis, which of these is a spermatogenic cell in meiosis - answer-spermatocyte Choose the FALSE statement about the testis. - answer-FALSE: the main function of the blood-testis barrier is to keep blood-borne toxins from leaking out of testicular capillaries and poisoning the valuable sperm-forming cells. TRUE: --Its seminiferous tubules make sperm --Interstitial cells (of Leydig) are in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules, and they secrete testosterone --It is connected to the epididymis --Myoid cells squeeze sperm through the seminiferous tubules into the rete testis. Choose the FALSE statement about the duct of the epididymis. - answer-FALSE: This short duct is about 3 cm long TRUE: --Ejaculation of sperm starts here, not from the testis. --Sperm take a long time to travel through it. --Its secretions help prepare sperm to swim and to fertilize an oocyte. --It has stereocilia, which are not cilia and do not move What male sex organs both secrete substances that help semen to clot and then liquefy, and also secrete fructose? - answer-seminal vesicles From which glands do most prostate cancers arise? - answer-main glands of the posterior and lateral parts of the prostate What is the homologue, in the male, of the females vestibule of the vagina? - answer-lumen of penile urethra Which is NOT a part of the corpus spongiosum in the human penis? - answer-NOT: penile bone (baculum) ARE: --dense connective tissue coat --Internal partitions of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle --Arteries that dilate upon parasympathetic stimulation --endothelium What is the correct arrangement of the three openings in the female perineum, from anterior to posterior? - answer-urethra, vagina, anus Choose the correct statement about the ovarian cycle. - answer-follicles mature during the first half of the cycle. A young and inexperienced professor told her students that the ovary ovulates its "egg" (oocyte and corona radiata) into the pelvic peritoneal cavity, but the students disagreed and insisted ovulation is into the oviduct. Who was correct - answer-The professor, because the egg is picked up by the oviduct right after it enters the peritoneal cavity. Choose the WRONG statement about theca cells in the ovary. - answer-FALSE: they make the zona pellucida around the oocyte. TRUE: --contribute to the corpus luteum after ovulation --theca cells occur in females only, but they make male sex hormones (androgens) --form a case on the outside of the growing follicle --The outer theca cells contain myofilaments, like smooth-muscle cells. Choose the WRONG match of lining epithelium - answer-WRONG: simple columnar RIGHT: --seminal vesicle: pseudostratified columnar --major calyx: urothelium --duct of the epididymis: pseudostratified columnar --thyroid follicles: simple cuboidal In the wall of the body of the uterus, what is the function of the uterine glands? - answer-secrete a sugar-protein product to nourish the embryo Choose the WRONG statement comparing the uterine tube with the uterus. - answer-WRONG: during menstruation, both shed most of the thickness of their endometrium and bleed RIGHT: --uterine tube has a more highly folded mucosa --Uterus has thicker smooth musculature in its wall --Both have a simple columnar epithelium --In both, the inner epithelium has secretory and ciliated cells Choose the correct statement about the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. - answer-Estrogens signal the endometrium to proliferate. Trace ejaculated sperm from the male system through the female system. Note: the correct answer may tell only parts of the sequence, but all the other answers have errors. - answer-Correct:Male urethra to vagina to uterus to uterine tube. WRONG: --sperm into vagina to uterine tubes to urethra to uterus --epididymis to seminal vesicles for storage, to peritoneal cavity to testis to penis to vagina --Testis to efferent ductules to rete testis to male urethra to female urethra to ovary --epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory ducts to bladder to uterus A woman presents to her doctor with dimpling on the skin of both her breasts that resembles the peel of an orange. What is the doctor's concern? - answer-It indicates contraction of the suspensory ligaments in the breast, a symptom of late-stage breast cancer. Which cells become cancerous in breast cancer? - answer-epithelial cells of the small ducts in the breast. Which layer of the placenta is being described? It is the mothers contribution, its cell have the mother's DNA, and it is richly vascularized. - answer-Decidua Choose the correct location of the endocrine gland or endocrine cells. - answer-neuroendocrine cells (= neurons that secrete hormones): hypothalamus What is NOT a part of the adenohypophysis? - answer-NOT: infundibular stalk with its hypthalmo-hypophyseal tract ARE: --Pars distalis --pars tuberalis --chromophobe cells --pars intermedia Hormones: Choose the WRONG function. - answer-WRONG: prolactin: targets smooth-muscle (myoepithelial) cells to squeeze milk from the breast RIGHT: --parathyroid hormone: signals osteoclasts to speed up their bone-dissolving rate --Vitamin D: signals the epithelium of intestine to absorb more calcium from food --MSH: targets pigment cells in the skin to darken skin --Cortisol: helps us to cope with stress Choose the correct path leading to the secretion of growth hormone. Note: "GH" means growth hormone, and "GHRH" means growth-hormone releasing hormone. - answer-Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete GHRH into primary capillary plexus, GHRH travels in hypophyseal portal veins, leaves secondary capillary plexus and signals adenohypophysis cells to secrete GH Where are the neurohypophyseal hormones secreted into the bloodstream? - answer-capillary bed in pars nervosa We learned that the cells in the large endocrine glands can be arranged either in spherical clusters, or straight cords, or branching cords. However, one major endocrine gland has an entirely different arrangement, of follicles. Which of these has the follicles? - answer-thyroid gland Circle the FALSE statement about the adrenal cortex. - answer-FALSE: In its zona fasciculata, its cells secrete catecholamines, especially adrenaline. TRUE: --In its zona glomerulosa, the aldosterone-secreteing cells are arranged in spherical clusters --In its zona reticularis, its steroid-secreting cells are arranged in a network of branching cords --Like other endocrine glands, the adrenal cortex has a rich blood supply --Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid, which primarily targets the distal-tubule cells in the kidney Choose an endocrine cell with abundant SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) - answer-inner theca cell in the ovary This year we learned something new, that the primordial germ cells (stem cells that become sperm and oocytes) first develop in the.... - answer-epiblast in week 1 In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt warned about the danger of binge drinking (of alcohol). What was the danger to which he referred? - answer-It causes birth defects in pregnancy, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. The renal columns belong to the ____of the kidney. - answer-cortex most of the these structures are in the renal medulla, but one is only in the renal cortex. Which one is only in the cortex? - answer-renal corpuscles Comparing cells of the proximal concoluted tubules to the cells of the distal convoluted tubules: Choose the correct statement. - answer-the proximal-tubule cells have larger and more mitochondria, and longer microvilli Which is NOT part of the filtration barrier (=filtration membrane) of the kidney? - answer-outer layer of the glomerular capsule, external to the capsular space Where, precisely is a podocyte located? - answer-on a glomerular capillary Which of these parts of the kidney tubule is the most active in the processes of reabsorption and secretion? - answer-proximal convoluted tubule Circle the correct path of blood through the vessels in the kidney. - answer-renal artery, to interlobar artery, to arcuate artery, to interlobular artery, to afferent arteriole, to glomerulus, to efferent arteriole, to peritubular capillaries to veins. Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males? - answer-in females, the external opening of the urethra is nearer to the anus Students often confuses the ureter with the urethra because their names sound alike. Circle the false statement about these two tubes. - answer-The urethra carries urine to the bladder, and the ureter carries urine out of the bladder. Where, in the male embryo, do his testes originate? - answer-dorsal abdominal wall What is the function of the blood-testis barrier? - answer-keeps antigens on the later-stage sperm-forming cells from activating an autoimmune response. Circle the correct statement about the precise locations of these male and female cells - answer-granulosa cells: internal to the theca but external to the oocyte Where is sperm made? - answer-in the seminiferous tubules Which of the following choices includes only male-sex ducts or only male-sex glands, but not a mixture of ducts and glands? - answer-bulbourethral gland, prostate, seminal vesicle Use what we learned in class to deduce the answer to this question. In men, the most common type of cancer is lung cancer. What is the second most common type of caner in men? - answer-prostate cancer. Bulbourethral glands. Circle the correct statement. - answer-they secrete before ejaculation and lubricate the urethra to smooth passage of the semen. Penis, etc: circle the correct statment - answer-Erectile bodies are not bone, but are vein-like tubes that engorge with blood during erection Circle the correct statement about the female organs - answer-An ectopic pregnancy can occur either in the uterine tube or in the peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity. What is the homolgue, in the male, of the female's vestibule of the vagina? - answer-lumen of the penile (spongy) urethra What is the name of the non-cellular protein layer, or shell, around the oocyte, which sperm must penetrate during fertilization using their acrosome enzymes? - answer-zona pellucida A mature ovarian follicle, just before ovulation, has all these parts except: - answer-fibroblasts Choose the FALSE statement about ovulation. - answer-FALSE: ovulation occurs two weeks before fertilization can happen TRUE: --ovulation occurs in the middle of the cycle, around day 14 --it leads to the formation of the corpus luteum --It is triggered by increased secretion of luteinizing hormone from the pars distalis of the pituitary gland --in class, we said it may involve contraction of muscle-like cells in the theca folliculi. Circle the WRONG association between the reproductive hormone and the cells said to secrete this hormone. - answer-WRONG: epithelial cells of the uterine glands secrete progesterone RIGHT: --cells in pars distalis: prolactin --theca and granulosa cells: estrogens --neurons whose cell bodies are in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: oxytocin --Interstitial cells of Leydig secrete testosterone Circle the correct statement about the endometrium - answer-It is the mucosa of the uterus All of the these features of the uterine tube help to move the egg cell (or new embryo) medially toward the uterus, except: - answer-EXCEPT: ovary squeezes so hard during ovulation that it helps to propel the oocyte into the oviduct DO: --ciliated epithelium of the oviduct --contractions of smooth musculature in the wall of the oviduct. --highly folded nature of the mucosa of uterine tube --sweeping action of the fimbriae that helps to capture the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube. Epithelia. Circle the correct match between the organ or tube and its inner epithelium: - answer-bladder: transitional epithelium All these are routes of lymph drainage from the breast, except: - answer-EXCEPT: through lymph vessels in the anterior thoracic and abdominal wall, down to the inguinal lymph nodes ARE: --through lymph vessels to the parasternal nodes in the thorax --through lymph vessels across the midline to the other breast --through lymph vessels to the axillary lymph nodes Circle the FALSE statement about the breast: - answer-FALSE: in females, it has about 20 compound glands called lobes , but no lobes or ducts exist in males TRUE: --Its glandular tissue is only subcutaneous, so there is no skeletal muscle in the breast --breast cancer arises from the cells of its ducts, not from its gland (milk-secreting) cells --the suspensory ligaments provide support for a breast --the areola is a ring of skin around the nipple The embryo's contribution to the placenta first derives from the embryo's_______layer. - answer-trophoblast In the old days (until the 1950's) it was thought that almost nothing harmful can cross the placental barrier from a pregnant woman to her fetus. Now we know that is not true. What is the only thing on this list that does NOT cross the placental barrier to affect the fetus? - answer-NOT: most bacteria CAN: --maternal antibodies --harmful carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke --alcohol drunk by the woman --heroin Circle the WRONG match between the endocrine organ and its usual location. - answer-WRONG: pituitary gland: attached to the roof of the brain, namely to the epithalamus of the diencephalon RIGHT: --thyroid: in the anterior neck --adrenal medulla: this part of the sympathetic nervous system is just internal to the adrenal cortex --Adrenal gland: on top of the kidney --Parathyroid glands: on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland Which of these is a part of the neurohypophysis? - answer-infundibular stalk Hormones of the adenohypophysis. Choose the correct function. - answer-ACTH: signals secretion of glucocorticoid hormones Choose the correct path leading to secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis (such as LH, FSH, ACTH, etc.) - answer-Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones into a capillary plexus, these hormones then travel in portal veins, leave another capillary plexus and signal adenohypophysis cells to secrete their hormones Where are cell bodies of neurons that make anti-diuretic hormone located? - answer-supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus What hormone is secreted by the follicle cells of the thyroid gland? - answer-TH (thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine) Parathyroid glands. Circle the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: they also make and secrete vitamin D TRUE; --they make and secrete parathyroid hormone --they do not contain the parafollicular cells, which are in the thyroid gland instead --their endocrine cells are arranged in networks of branching cords --their hormone raises the concentration of calcium ion in the blood Circle the correct association - answer-Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are secreted by the zona fasciculata In the lecture with the "Mr. Uterus" demonstration, what did the person's head and neck represent? - answer-fundus of uterus In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt kept talking about a "yellow muddy body," to what was he referring? - answer-this tells the appearance of the corpus luteum after ovulation Gross anatomy of the kidney: a renal pyramid occupies what part of the kidney - answer-Medulla In a nephron, where does the most reabsorbtion of sodium ions occur? - answer-proximal tubule This year Dr. Mallatt told you about new evidence for one part of the renal filtration barrier being the main filter for holding back proteins. What is this part? - answer-filtration-slit diaphragm From what blood vessels come the molecules that are secreted into the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney? - answer-peritubular capillaries Comparing proximal and distal convoluted tubules: Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: distal-tubule cells have a larger volume of mitochondria TRUE: --Both are only in the renal cortex and are absent from the medulla --The cells of both tubules resemble tree trunks with tree roots, because their basal and lateral plasma membranes are abundant and folded --Proximal-tubule cells stain a darker pink (with eosin) than do cells of distal tubules --Proximal-tubule cells have longer microvilli What stratified epithelium is specialized to stretch, so it thins out and some of its cells flatten? - answer-epithelium of the ureter, when the ureter stretches with pulses of urine A hospitalized man got a urinary tract infection from a non-sterile catheter that was placed in his penile urethra to drain urine from his bladder. The infection was not detected, so it spread far. Trace the path of its spread through the urinary system, in the correct order. - answer-urethra to bladder to ureter to calices to kidney Choose the parts of the uriniferous tubule, in order, from where the filtrate first forms to where it enters the minor calyx as urine. - answer-glomerular capsule to proximal tubule to loop of the nephron to distal tubule to collecting duct. Which of these cells are targeted by antidiuretic hormone, the hormone that helps our kidneys to conserve water when we are dehydrated? - answer-cells of the collecting ducts, so they become more permeable to the water in the urine that is flowing within these ducts. In an x-ray image called a pyelogram, how can you confirm that you are seeing a ureter that has been filled with contrast medium? - answer-It descends vertically through the abdomen, in the same sagittal plane as the tips of the transverse proceses of the lumbar vertebrae. A clinical test reveals that a boy's right kidney is located in his pelvis rather than in his posterior abdominal wall. What does this likely mean? - answer-This kidney failed to ascend from its original, embryonic location, and it functions normally. What structure lies anterior to the urinary bladder in the pelvis? - answer-pubic symphysis Which of these is NOT part of the spermatic cord? - answer-NOT: seminal vesicle ARE: testicular artery, nerves to the testes, ductus deferens, countercurrent heat exchanger. Which of these germ cells in the wall of the seminiferous tubule lie outside the blood-testes barrier (external to it), and are therefore not protected by this barrier? - answer-spermatogonia Choose the correct statement about the interstitial cells of Leydig. - answer-They are endocrine-gland cells. All these things happen when an early spermatid changes into a late spermatid, except: That is, choose the thing that does NOT happen. - answer-NOT: in this stage, the cell gains its ability to swim, so sperm can reach and fertilize an oocyte. DO: --the chromatin in the nucleus condenses, so the nucleus takes on the shape of a sunflower seed. --the acrosome appears. --a flagellum (long cilium) grows to become the sperm tail. --lots of cytoplasm is shed. Male secretions: Choose the correct statement. - answer-A logical name for the secretion product of the bulbourethral glands would be the "pre-ejaculate." A blood sample reveals that a patient has high levels of "PSA." What does this mean? - answer-A man may have prostate cancer. What is the mechanism of erection of the penis in men? - answer-Parasympathetic input signals the arteries to the erectile bodies to dilate. Choose the correct association between the hollow organ and the epithelium that lines it. - answer-uterine tube: simple columnar What are stereocilia? - answer-groups of long microvilli in the epididymis and ductus deferens When the follicular cells in the ovarian follicles multiply, they are given a new name. That name is - answer-granulosa cells What phase is experienced by the endometrium of the uterus during the time the growing follicles are secreting estrogens in the ovaries? - answer-proliferative phase Choose the FALSE statement about a corpus luteum. - answer-FASE: It is in the ovarian medulla, not in the cortex. TRUE --It is present after ovulation, but not present right before ovulation. --It is made from theca and granulosa cells. --It is the remains of a big follicle, with no oocyte in it. --It secretes progesterone. Ovulation occurs directly into (= the ovulated oocyte goes first into) the . . . - answer-peritoneal cavity Use logic to deduce the most common cause of ectopic pregnancies in humans. - answer-Some twisting, scarring, or partial blockage of the uterine tube. The mucous membrane of the wall of the uterus is the - answer-endometrium Female reproductive organs: Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: the mesometrium is the smallest part of the broad ligament TRUE: --The three parts of the broad ligament are mesometrium, mesovarium, and mesosalpinx. --The mesosalpinx is a part of the broad ligament. --The mesovarium is more horizontal and the mesometrium is more vertical, in orientation. --The mesosalpinx is the mesentary of the uterine tube. What is the name of the ring-shaped cleft around the inferior part of the cervix in the vagina? - answer-fornix In lecture, did we mention any advantages of bottle-feeding a baby with modern formulas over naturally breast-feeding the baby? - answer-Dr. Mallatt did not mention any negative thing about breast milk and he implied that breast feeding is better in every way. Use logic to figure out the answer to this question: The artery whose branches supply blood to the medial part of the breast was formerly called the "internal mammary artery." What is the modern, official name of this artery? - answer-internal thoracic Placenta: In the second half of a pregnancy the placental barrier of the villus thins from four layers to two. This thinning allows more efficient passage of substances across this barrier. The two middle layers that are lost are: - answer-cytotrophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm One layer of the placenta performs many functions, such as secreting hormones that signal the events of pregnancy, and transporting antibodies and amino-acid nutrients from the mother to the fetus. This active layer is the - answer-syncytiotrophoblast The pituitary contains several important beds of capillaries. Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE:The secondary capillary bed lies upstream of (= drains into) the hypophyseal portal veins. TRUE: --The primary capillary bed in the median eminence receives hormones from axon terminals. --The secondary capillary bed in the pars distalis delivers releasing hormones to the endocrine cells of the pars distalis. --The secondary capillary bed in the pars distalis receives adenohypophyseal hormones, such as ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin. --Releasing hormones first enter the primary capillary plexus Choose the WRONG statement about the hormone. - answer-WRONG: Growth hormone, contrary to its name, does not signal children to grow. RIGHT: --Calcitonin targets osteoclasts. --Luteinizing hormone is secreted in large quantity to trigger ovulation. --Thyroid hormone increases our metabolic rate to make us more active. --ACTH signals the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol. Where are releasing hormones made? - answer-in cell bodies in the hypothalamus In the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and in the parathyroid gland, the endocrine cells are arranged in: - answer-branching networks Thyroid gland: Choose the correct statement. - answer-The colloid in this gland mainly consists of thyroglobulin. What is the special function of the abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in endocrine cells that secrete steroid hormones? - answer-Most of the steps in the manufacture of the steroids take place in the SER. Use logic to choose the only hormone in this list that is made and secreted by a basophil cell in the pars distalis. - answer-melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endocrine glands. Choose the correct statement. - answer-They have a rich blood supply, with many capillaries, so they can quickly secrete many hormones into the blood. What is NOT a function of oxytocin? - answer-NOT:signals absorption of more calcium by the intestine, especially in a baby who has had a meal of milk or colostrum. ARE: -Signals contraction fo the musculature of ductus deferens during orgasm --makes us want to cuddle --Helps signal uterine contractions when giving birth --signals expulsion of milk from the breast during breastfeeding Dr. Mallatt said that the in-class demonstration, in which a student represented the internal female organs, was special or unusual this year. Why? - answer-The student was the only female ever called to do this demonstration in the entire history of this course, over 30 years. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt told you this old philosophical quote from medieval times: "Between urine and feces, we are born." What point was he making? - answer-It was to help you to remember the arrangement of the external urethral opening, external vaginal opening, and the anus in the perineum region of the female Circle the correct statement about the parts of the uriniferous (kidney) tubule. - answer-Filtration occurs within the renal corpuscle. Choose the FALSE statement about the anatomy of the kidney. - answer-FALSE: The renal pelvis (pelvis of ureter) lies in the pelvic region of our body, near our bladder. TRUE: --The renal hilum is medial to the renal sinus. --A renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. --A uriniferous (kidney) tubule consists of the nephron and collecting duct. --Renal corpuscles are in the renal cortex. What does a juxtamedullary nephron have that a cortical nephron does not have? - answer-a long loop of the nephron, deep in the medulla Cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE:Distal-tubule cells have a larger volume of mitochondria than do proximal- tubule cells. TRUE: --The proximal-tubule cells have long and dense microvilli, to increase surface area for absorption and secretion. --Both kinds of cells have folds in their lateral and basal plasma membranes, to provide membrane area for holding lots of enzymes involved in reabsorption and secretion. --Both these kinds of cells have more mitochondria than do other, more "average" cells of the body, because these kidney cells require lots of energy. --Both are ion-pumping cells. Which part of the kidney's filtration barrier (=filtration membrane) lies closest to the glomerular-capsule space and farthest from the capillary blood? - answer-slit diaphragm What cells have slit diaphragms and pedicels? - answer-podocytes The peritubular capillaries of the kidney . . . - answer-receive molecules that have been reabsorbed from the filtrate. After the collecting-duct cells bind to ADH (antidiuretic hormone), they respond by ... - answer-becoming more permeable to water. Choose the FALSE statement about transitional epithelium. - answer-FALSE:It lines the bladder but not the ureters. TRUE: --A. It is part of a mucous membrane (mucosa). --It is a stratified epithelium. --One of its functions is to let the bladder stretch as it fills with urine. --One of its functions is to act as a barrier, preventing poisonous urea from diffusing into the bladder wall. Where is an arcuate artery located in the kidney? - answer-along the border beteen a renal pyramid and the adjacent cortex Choose the correct location of these urinary or reproductive organs. - answer-The primordial germ cells first form in the lining of the yolk sac. A person has a urinary-tract infection that first enters the urethra, and then, untreated, it spreads up the whole urinary tract. Choose the correct order in which the infection spreads. - answer-urethra to bladder to ureter to renal pelvis to major calyx to minor calyx to renal medulla and cortex. A physician examines a 20-year old male patient and finds that his left testis is not in the scrotum but up in his inguinal region (inferior abdomen, just deep to the anterior abdominal wall). What can be said about this patient? - answer-That testis is sterile. In the testis, which of these is NOT a spermatogenic cell (that is, not in the series of germ cells that become spermatozoa)? - answer-NOT: sustentacular (Sertoli) cell ARE: --spermatogonium --late spermatid --spermatocyte --early spermatid Choose the FALSE statement about the testis. - answer-FALSE: The main function of the blood-testis barrier is to keep blood-borne toxins from leaking out of testicular capillaries and poisoning the valuable sperm-forming cells. TRUE: --Its seminiferous tubules make sperm. --Interstitial cells (of Leydig) are in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules, and they secrete testosterone. --It is connected to the epididymis. --Myoid cells squeeze sperm through the seminiferous tubules into the rete testis Choose the FALSE statement about the duct of the epididymis. - answer-FALSE:It has very long cilia, called stereocilia, which beat to move sperm through this duct. TRUE: --It is thin but long (6 meters) and coiled. --Ejaculation of sperm starts here, not from the testis. --Sperm take a long time to travel through it. --Its secretions prepare sperm to swim and to fertilize an oocyte Prostate. Besides its compound tubuloalveolar glands, the prostate also has __________ inside of it. - answer-fibromuscular stroma and ejaculatory ducts From which glands do most prostate cancers arise? - answer-main glands of the posterior and lateral parts of the prostate. Which male-sex structure contributes most of the volume of the semen (the ejaculate)? - answer-seminal vesicle What is the homologue, in the male, of the female's vestibule of the vagina? - answer-lumen of penile urethra Precisely where in the penis is the penile urethra located? - answer-in the corpus spongiosum What is the correct arrangement of the three openings in the female perineum, from anterior to posterior? - answer-urethra, vagina, anus Choose the FALSE statement about the ovarian cycle. - answer-FALSE:Progesterone is secreted during the first two weeks of the cycle. TRUE: --It lasts for an average of 28 days. --Ovulation normally occurs in the middle of the cycle, around day 14. --Follicles mature during the first two weeks of the cycle. --After ovulation, the remains of the follicle become the living corpus luteum, which later dies and becomes a corpus albicans. The ovary ovulates its "egg" (oocyte and corona radiata) into: - answer-pelvic peritoneal cavity Choose the best description of a mature follicle in the ovary (right before ovulation). - answer-oocyte, huge antrum, granulosa cells, zona pellucida, and corona radiata Choose the WRONG statement about theca cells in the ovary. - answer-WRONG:they become the corona radiata, as they lie closest to the oocyte. RIGHT: --contribute to the corpus luteum after ovulation. --theca cells occur in females only, but they make male sex hormones (androgens). --form a case on the outside of the growing follicle. --the outer theca cells contain myofilaments, like smooth-muscle cells. Choose the WRONG match between the organ and its lining epithelium. - answer-WRONG: vagina: simple columnar RIGHT: --uterine tube: simple columnar --major calyx: transitional --duct of the epididymis: pseudostratified columnar --thyroid follicle: simple cuboidal In the wall of the uterus, the layer that contracts to expel a baby during childbirth is: - answer-myometrium What moves an oocyte or new embryo through the uterine tube to the uterus? - answer-the beat of cilia and contraction of smooth musculature. Choose the WRONG statement about the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. - answer-WRONG: It occurs right after the menstrual phase and right before the proliferative phase. RIGHT: --It occurs at the same time that the corpus luteum is present in the ovary. --The uterine glands are secreting a glycoprotein-rich product to nourish a new embryo in the uterus. --The uterine glands look wide and they spiral, rather than being straight rectangles. --If there is a pregnancy, the secretory-phase endometrium becomes a decidua. Choose the WRONG statement about the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle. - answer-WRONG: The entire thickness of the endometrium is shed. RIGHT: --It usually lasts about four days. --Spiral arteries constrict, which kills endometrial cells by oxygen starvation. --The menstrual flow not only includes the shed endometrium but also blood from open arteries in the raw uterine lining. --It follows the secretory phase, which follows the proliferative phase. Trace an ejaculated sperm from the male system through the female system. Note: the correct answer may tell only part of the sequence, but all the other answers have serious errors. - answer-male urethra to vagina to uterus to uterine tube What is the function of the cervical glands in the uterus? - answer-Secrete a mucus that fills the cervical canal and covers the external os, to prevent vaginal bacteria from spreading up into the uterus. All these vessels supply (or drain) the breast, except: - answer-brachial artery Anatomists and clinicians use bones of the skeleton to mark the levels of various organs in the body. Choose the correct level. - answer-Male nipple is at the level of the fourth intercostal space. Which layer of the placenta is being described? It is the mother's contribution, its cells have the mother's DNA, and it is richly vascularized. - answer-decidua What happens to the placenta at the time of birth? - answer-It follows the baby out, after someone tugs on the umbilical cord and pulls it from the mother's uterus. Choose the correct location of the endocrine gland or endocrine cells. - answer-neuroendocrine cells (= neurons that secrete hormones): hypothalamus What is NOT a part of the adenohypophysis? - answer-NOT: pars nervosa ARE: --pars distalis --pars tuberalis --chromophobe cells --pars intermedia Hormones: Choose the WRONG function. - answer-WRONG: parathyroid hormone: signals osteoclasts to slow down their bone-dissolving rate. RIGHT: --luteinizing hormone: triggers ovulation. --MSH: targets pigment cells in the skin to darken skin. --prolactin: targets gland cells in the breast to make milk. --TSH: signals secretion of thyroid hormone. Choose the correct path leading to the secretion of growth hormone. Note: 'GH' means growth hormone, and 'GHRH' means growth-hormone releasing hormone. - answer-Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete GHRH into primary capillary plexus, GHRH travels in hypophyseal portal veins, leaves secondary capillary plexus and signals adenohypophysis cells to secrete GH. What is the function of the secondary capillary plexus in the hypophyseal portal system? - answer-delivers releasing hormones to the acidophil and basophil cells of the adenohypophysis; also receives the adenohypophyseal hormones from these cells Neurohypophysis: Choose the correct statement. - answer-Oxytocin is secreted here. Thyroid gland: Choose the FALSE statement. - answer-FALSE: It is contained inside the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, whose cartilage forms a shell around the thyroid gland. TRUE: --The follicle cells secrete thyroid hormone (TH), in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary. --Colloid, in the center of the follicles, contains thyroglobulin. --Both follicle cells and parafollicular cells secrete hormones into capillaries that lie between the follicles. The hormones that help us to cope with the stress of studying for exams and writing big papers in college are secreted by the . . . - answer-adrenal cortex Circle the FALSE statement about the adrenal cortex. - answer-FALSE: Cortisol is a mineralocorticoid, which primarily targets the distal-tubule cells in the kidney. TRUE --In its zona glomerulosa, the aldosterone-secreting cells are arranged in spherical clusters. --In its zona reticularis, its steroid-secreting cells are arranged in a network of branching cords. --In its zona fasciculata, its cells secrete glucocorticoid hormones. --Like other endocrine glands, the adrenal cortex has a rich blood supply. Which of these endocrine cells contains an abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and mitochondria with tubular cristae? That is, which is a steroid-secreting cell? - answer-any endocrine cell in the adrenal cortex In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt warned about the danger of binge drinking (of alcohol). What was the danger to which he referred? - answer-It causes birth defects in pregnancy, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. In one demonstration, Dr. Mallatt used a cardboard tube, of the type that supports a roll of wrapping paper. What did this tube represent? - answer-spermatic cord