First dispersal: between 1600-1800, L1 English speakers.
‘the new world’ related to exploration and settlement. As well as slavery and punishment
English speakers from England, Scotland and Ireland migrated to north America and the
Caribbean, Australia, south Africa and New Zealand.
What was the effect?
English dialect developed into varieties in response to changed and changing sociolinguistic
contact of the migrants. (contact with the indigenous population)
Result: these areas are norm-providing
Kachru’s first model: inner circle
Second dispersal: end of 1700-1960s
Result of colonization in Africa and Asia
- Less migration if L1 speakers, less settlement
- More imposition of Britain (some American) institutions (Education, religion,
government, law)
English established as official language for some aspects colonization
But not all: English does not replace the indigenous language entirely.
Leads to the development of ‘new Englishness’ an new standard ‘Englishness’ which exist
and developed alongside of the other languages.
This area are: Norm-providing
Kachru’s first model: outer circle
North-America: First dispersal Countries
1584 Renoake island (North Carolina)
- Walter Raleigh’s expedition to America. The voyager unfortunately fell into conflict with
the native Indians and mysteriously disappeared, therefor no permanent settlement.
1607 James town, Virginia.
- Arrival of the first permanent colonists.
- They settle down in Jamestown, Virginia
1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts
- New group of colonists arrives. A group of puritans (pilgrim fathers) 35 members of a
English separatist church (east of England) arrived on the mayflower.
Both settlements had different linguistic backgrounds.
- The colonist in Virginia: brought with them the Rhortic R and the Voiced S (west of
England) Known as tidewater accent.
Most commonly associated with present day American speech.
- The colonist in Plymouth Lacked –R sound and the a vowel was long(a:) à da:nce
RP dominant influence.
During the 17the century English spread to the southern part of America and the
Caribbean as a result of the slave trade.
(slaves were transported from west0africa and exchanged on the American coast and in
the Caribbean for sugar and rum)
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ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH SPEAKING WORLD
Canada: First dispersal Countries
When John Cabot reached Canada, it first came in contact with the English language in 1497.
Jacques Cartier from French was at Canada since 1520s but the French were overruled by the
English in the 18 century in:
- Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
- French & Indian War 91754 – 1763)
The migrants replacing the French came from England, Ireland and Scotland.
Another group of migrants (the late loyalists) left after the publication of the Declaration of
Independence (1776) to cheaper lands (upper Canada: above Montreal & the north of the
Grand Lakes).
Despite the similarities between Canadian and U.S. English, there is no identity between
them. People from other areas find it hard to distinguish Canadian English from U.S English.
Canadian English
- Canadian English is thought to be hard to distinguish for anyone not living in Canada.
Americans associate it with British and British think that it’s American.
- Canadian English has some really unique features that are used almost everywhere in
Canada, there are four types to be recognized.
1. Some features originate from Canada and are used (almost) everywhere and are even part
of World Standard English (e.g. Ice hockey).
2. Some features originate outside Canada (Chiefly US, UK and French), and are used
consistently by everyone in a particular region. (e.g. prime minister (federal) and
premier (provincial)).
3. Some features can be identified as US EN, and are used by only a small part of the
population.
- pronunciation of /r\ after vowels (far and North)
- Flapped /d\ like articulation of /t\
- strong syllable in such suffixes as –ary and –ory
4. Some features can be identified as UK EN, and are used by only a small part of the
population.
- /anti\ instead of US /antai\
- /zed\ instead of US /zi:\
- words such as’ news’ pronounced as /nju:z\ instead of US /nu:z\
Spelling → French
Vocabulary → Mainly UK also words from native Americans and other words borrowed
from French etc. words:kayak, parka,kerosene, chesterfield,caribou.
Pronunciation → Mainly US Also words from native Americans and other raising of the
first half of /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ higher (diphthong sounds)
Discourse → Using “eh” as question tag.
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