* Spontaneous and non-reflective
* Contains insight, prejudice,
good and bad reasoning
* Indiscriminately combined
What is second order thinking? (critical thinking)
first-order thinking that is consciously realized (analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed)
What is critical thinking?
"is the art of thinking about thinking while thinking in order to make thinking better"
What 3 interlinking dimensions is critical thinking comprised of?
1. Analyzing one's own thinking (breaking into parts)
2. Evaluating one's own thinking (identify strength and weakness)
3. Improving one's own thinking (reconstructing it to make it better)
What is the goal of critical thinking?
to brings one's best thinking to bear in every realm of one's lief and in any set of circumstance
What are some impediments to sound thinking?
* generalizations
* stereotyping
* fixed vantage point
ignore flaws in own thinking and often seek to "win" through intellectual trickery or deceipt
What is strong-sense critical thinking?
defined by a consistent pursuit of what is intellectually fair and just.
Ethical, empathetic, reasonable, able to change opinion
What is it to be fair-minded?
to bring an unbiased and unprejudiced perspective to all viewpoints relevant to a situation
What is it to be intellectually unfair?
no responsibility to represent differing viewpoints
always see yourself as right and just
self-deceptive
What are characteristics of intellectual humility? (trait of critical thinker)
* discover one's own ignorance on any issue
* don't / can't know everything
* conscious of one's bias / prejudice
* aware of limitations of one's viewpoint
* only claim what you know
*egocentrism is self-deceiving
What are characteristics of intellectual courage? (trait of critical thinker)
* confront ideas / viewpoints even when uncomfortable
* fairness toward beliefs where there is negativity or has already been dismissed
* challenge popular belief
What are characteristics of intellectual empathy? (trait of critical thinker)
* inhabit the perspective of others in order to understand them
* reconstruct other viewpoints and reasoning
* ability to reason from premises and ideas not your own
* motivation to be wrong when you had strong conviction you were right
What are characteristics of intellectual integrity? (trait of critical thinker)
* holding yourself to same standards you expect of others
* practice what you preach
* admit flaws and inconsistencies
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