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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY: PAPER 1 questions and answers guaranteed pass 2024/2025
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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY: PAPER 1 questions and answers guaranteed pass 2024/2025
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AQAA-LEVEL
PSYCHOLOGY:
PAPER
1
STATISTICAL
INFREQUENCY
abnormality
is
defined
as
those
behaviours
that
are
extremely
rare,
i.e.
any
behaviour
that
is
found
in
very
few
people
is
regarded
as
abnormal.
e.g.
IQ
-
statistically
unusual
if
below
70.
diagnosed
w/
intellectual
disability
disorder
DEVIATION
FROM
SOCIAL
NORMS
behaviour
that
is
different
from
the
accepted
standards
of
behaviour
in
a
community
or
society
abnormality
based
on
social
context
example:
antisocial
personality
disorder
(formerly
psychopathy)
-
failure
to
conform
to
lawful
and
culturally
normal
behaviour.
psychopaths
are
abnormal
because
they
deviate
from
social
norms/standards.
Brainpower
Read
More
STRENGTH
OF
STATISTICAL
INFREQUENCY:
REAL
LIFE
APPLICATION
all
assessment
of
patients
w/
mental
disorders
includes
comparison
to
statistical
norms.
thus
a
useful
part
of
clinical
assessment.
LIMITATION
OF
STATISTICAL
INFREQUENCY:
UNUSUAL
≠
BAD
IQ
scores
of
>130
are
also
statistically
abnormal,
but
people
with
this
are
not
diagnosed
w/
a
disorder
like
those
who
have
IQ<70.
limitation
because
this
means
it
should
never
be
used
alone
to
make
a
diagnosis
LIMITATION
OF
STATISTICAL
INFREQUENCY:
NOT
EVERYONE
BENEFITS
FROM
A
LABEL
if
someone
is
happy
and
fulfilled,
there
is
no
benefit
from
being
labelled
as
abnormal
-
could
cause
a
negative
view
of
self
and
others.
LIMITATION
OF
DEVIATION
FROM
SOCIAL
NORMS:
CULTURALLY
RELATIVE different
cultures
label
people
differently
-
creates
problems
for
people
from
one
culture
living
w/i
another
culture
creates
cultural
bias
in
assessment
LIMITATION
OF
DEVIATION
FROM
SOCIAL
NORMS:
HUMAN
RIGHTS
ABUSES
too
much
reliance
on
this
method
of
assessment
and
lead
to
systematic
abuse
of
human
rights,
for
example
diagnosing
people
with
conditions
for
trying
to
escape
slavery
or
being
attracted
to
working-class
people
-
diagnoses
used
for
control.
FAILURE
TO
FUNCTION
ADEQUATELY
occurs
when
someone
is
unable
to
cope
with
ordinary
demands
of
day-to-day
living.
no
longer
conforming
to
interpersonal
rules,
experience
personal
distress,
behave
irrationally
or
dangerously.
DEVIATION
FROM
IDEAL
MENTAL
HEALTH
occurs
when
someone
does
not
meet
a
set
of
criteria
for
good
mental
health.
can
overlap
w/
failure
to
function
adequately
JAHODA
(1958)
Six
conditions
of
ideal
mental
health:
(1)
positive
self
attitude
(2)
self
actualisation
-
realising
your
potential,
being
fulfilled.
(3)
resistance
to
stress
(4)
personal
autonomy
-
making
your
own
decisions,
being
in
control.
(5)
accurate
perception
of
reality
(6)
adaption
to
the
environment.
STRENGTH
OF
FAILURE
TO
FUNCTION
ADEQUATELY:
RECOGNISES
PATIENT'S
PERSPECTIVE
allows
patient
to
discuss
how
they
struggle
to
cope
w/
everyday
pressures
-
captures
experience
of
those
who
need
help
LIMITATION
OF
FAILURE
TO
FUNCTION
ADEQUATELY:
SAME
AS
DEVIATION
FROM
SOCIAL
NORMS hard
to
say
when
someone
is
really
failing
to
function,
or
if
they
just
deviate
from
social
norms.
e.e
people
who
live
alternative
lifestyles.
treating
this
as
failures
of
adequate
functioning
limits
freedom.
LIMITATION
OF
FAILURE
TO
FUNCTION
ADEQUATELY:
SUBJECTIVE
someone
has
to
judge
distress
-
patients
may
feel
distressed
but
may
not
be
viewed
as
suffering.
STRENGTH
OF
DEVIATION
FROM
IDEAL
MENTAL
HEALTH:
COMPREHENSIVE
broad
criteria
of
mental
health
covers
most
reasons
why
someone
may
seek
help.
LIMITATION
OF
DEVIATION
FROM
IDEAL
MENTAL
HEALTH:
CULTURALLY
RELATIVE
Johoda's
classification
may
be
specific
to
western
norms.
emphasis
on
self-actualisation
may
be
seen
as
self-indulgence
on
collectivist
cultures.
LIMITATION
OF
DEVIATION
FROM
IDEAL
MENTAL
HEALTH:
UNREALISTICALLY
HIGH
STANDARD
very
few
people
actually
attain
all
of
the
criteria
at
all
times
∴
most
people
would
be
viewed
as
abnormal.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
PHOBIAS
behavioural
-
panic
-
avoidance
of
phobic
stimulus
emotional
-
anxiety/fear
-
unreasonable
responses
cognitive
-
selective
attention
twd
phobic
stimulus
(difficult
to
focus
elsewhere)
-
irratoinal
beliefs
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
DEPRESSION
behavioural
-
low
activity
levels
-
disruption
to
sleep/eating emotional
-
low
mood
-
anger
cognitive
-
poor
concentration
-
absolutist
thinking
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
OCD
behavioural
-
compulsions
-
avoidance
emotional
-
anxiety/distress
-
guilt/disgust
cognitive
-
obsessive
thoughts
-
insight
into
excessive
anxiety
(awareness
that
thoughts
are
irrational
-
hyper-vigilant
of
obsession)
TWO-PROCESS
MODEL
a
theory
that
explains
the
two
processes
that
lead
to
the
development
of
phobias
-
they
begin
through
classical
conditioning
and
are
maintained
through
operant
conditioning.
ACQUISITION
OF
PHOBIA
THRO'
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
e.g.
bitten
(UCS)
→
fear
(UCR)
dog
(NS)
associated
w/
UCS.
dog
previously
elicited
no
response.
NS
becomes
CS
producing
fear
(now
the
CR)
LITTLE
ALBERT
subject
in
John
Watson's
experiment,
proved
classical
conditioning
principles,
especially
the
generalization
of
fear.
whenever
Albert
played
w/
a
white
rat
(NS),
loud
bang
(UCS)
was
heard
causing
fear
(UCR).
when
rat
was
paired
w/
bang
several
times,
it
became
associated
until
rat
(CS)
caused
fear
(CR).
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