Tissue Engineering Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Tissue Engineering Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Tissue Engineering - Answer- An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. Stem Cells - Answer- A cell that has the ability to self renew and differentiate into various other specialized cell types. Cells in Tissue Engineering - Answer- Cell Location (based on tissue types): - Skin cells for skin tissue engineering - Chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering cells sources: autologous, allogenic, xenogenic - Stem cells for various tissue engineering: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS), adult stem cells Scaffold in Tissue Engineering - Answer- - Natural Scaffolds - Synthetic Scaffolds - Polymers - Ceramics - Nano/micro tubes and fibers - Composites Bioreactors - Answer- - System where conditions are closely controlled to permit and induce a certain behavior in living cells or tissues - Provide controlled and steady flow of cell media - Factors necessary for cell growth: pH, temp., pressure, nutrient supply, waste removal - Type of Bioreactors: spinner flasks, rotating vessels, hollow fiber, perfusion reactors Two Key Features of Stem Cells - Answer- - Self-renewal capacity (can copy themselves) - Multi-differentiation potency (can differentiate to different cell environments) Types of Stem Cells - Answer- Totipotent: cells can develop into a new individual cells from early embryos (1-3 days) Pluripotent: cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type (over 220); the inner cell mass of blastocyst from early embryo (5 to 14 days) Multipotent: cells can give rise to cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages; cord blood and adult stem cells Major Stem Cells Types used in Tissue Engineering - Answer- Pluripotent Stem Cells: 1. embryonic stem cells (ESC) 2. induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) Multipotent Stem Cells: 1. bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 2. adipose mesenchymal stem cells Embryonic Stem Cells - Answer- Strengths: - Highest level of pluripotency - Unlimited self-renewal Limitations: - Teratoma (tumor) formation - Immune response - Animal pathogens - Ethics Pluripotent Stem Cells: Human Embryonic Stem Cells - Answer- - hESCs are pluripotent stem cells derived from a 5-6 day old embryo. They have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human body. - Most embryonic stem cells are from embryos that develop from an invitro fertilization (IVF) clinic - and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors Potential Solutions (Embryonic Stem Cells) - Answer- - Teratoma formation - Pre- differentiate cells in culture then insert - Animal Pathogens - Feeder-free culture conditions - Immune Response - Somatic cell nuclear transfer - Ethics - Scientists have announced the development of 5 human embryonic stem cell lines without the destruction of embryos 1. Single cells were removed from embryos 2. The embryos continued to develop normally and were then frozen 3. The removed cell was cultured in optimal culture environments Pluripotent Stem Cells: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) - Answer- - iPS cells are a type of artificial pluripotent stem cells derived from adult cells, which were genetically reprogrammed to add certain genes - They are similar to natural embryonic stem cells and differentiate into