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Sociology: Beliefs in Society A2 AQA June 2024 Exam Review
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Sociology: Beliefs in Society A2 AQA June 2024 Exam Review
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Sociology: Beliefs in Society A2 AQAJune 2024 Exam Review
Durkheim (1915) (Functionalist) - Answer>> Argues
religion plays a central part in creating and maintaining
value consensus, order and solidarity
The Sacred (Functionalism) - Answer>> Things set
apart and forbidden, inspiring feelings of awe, fear and
wonder, with taboos and prohibitions.
The Profane (Functionalism) - Answer>> Ordinary things
that have no special significance.
Rituals (Functionalism) - Answer>> A religion is more
than a set of beliefs, it has sacred rituals or practices and
these rituals are collective (performed by social groups)
Totem (Functionalism) - Answer>> Durkheim studied the
Arunta (an Aboriginal Australian Tribe) and found that
bands of kin come together to perform ritual worship of a
sacred totem - it reinforces the group's solidarity and
sense of belonging. When worshipping, they are not
worshipping the totem, but society itself.
The Collective Conscience (Functionalism) - Answer>>
Sacred symbols represent this. The shared norms, values
and beliefs that make cooperation between individuals
possible. Without these society would disintegrate.
,Cognitive Functions of Religion (Functionalism) -
Answer>> This is the ability to reason and think
conceptually. Durkheim and Mauss (1903) argue that
religion provides categories such as time, space and
causation e.g. Ideas about a creator bringing the world at
the beginning of time.
Psychological Functions (Functionalism) - Answer>>
Malinowski (1954) argues religion helps promote solidarity
by performing psychological functions e.g. coping with
stress.
1. Where the outcome is important but uncontrollable and
uncertain.
2. At times of life crisis.
Parsons: Values and Meanings (Functionalism) -
Answer>> Parsons (1967) identifies 2 other essential
functions of religion:
1. It creates and legitimated society's basic norms and
values.
2. It provides a source of meaning, answering 'ultimate
questions'.
Civil Religion (Functionalism) - Answer>> Bellah (1970)
argues religion unifies society, especially a multi-faith
society e.g. America. It does this by acting as an
overarching civil religion - a belief system that attached
sacred qualities to society itself.
, Karl Marx (Marxist) - Answer>> Sees society as divided
into 2 classes, bourgeois and proletariat. Predicted that
the working class would ultimately become aware of their
exploitation and overthrow capitalism.
Religion as an Ideology (Marxism) - Answer>> Believe
ideology is a belief system that distorts people's
perception of reality. Upper class control the distribution of
ideas through religion and education. Religion operates as
an ideological weapon justifying the w/c suffering. Lenin
(1870 - 1924) believes religion is a spiritual gin.
Religion and Alienation (Marxism) - Answer>> The
working class are becoming separated from or losing
control over what they have produced. Workers are
alienated as they do not own what they have made and
gave no control over the division of labour. Religion is a
form of consolation. Acts as an opiate to dull the pain of
oppression.
Althusser (Marxist) - Answer>> Disagrees with the
concept of alienation as its unscientific - this would make
the concept an inadequate basis for a theory of religion.
Feminists - Answer>> See society as patriarchal,
religious institutions reflect and perpetuate gender
inequality. Religious beliefs are patriarchal ideologies that
legitimate women's subordination.
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