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Summary of class notes + powerpoints LET-GESB926 (WorldGov)
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Summary of class notes + powerpoints LET-GESB926 (WorldGov)
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Organisational Lectureinternational organisation: more than 2 countries bc otherwise its national organization/agreement,
governments are members who r cooperating
NGO —> non-governmental organisations
IGO —> international governmental organisations
TCO —> transitional operations (in the 19th)
historical turning points when it comes to the creation of international organisations:
• the revolutionary period in the 18/19th c
• ww1
• ww2 (90% of the organisations were made then)
• the dissolution of the soviet union
zeitgeist:
• koselleck
• 1750 -1850 —> terms and definitions started to acquire concrete explanations / meanings for all the
people, like freedom became to mean freedom form physical oppression
Lecture 1
1815 - 1914: 19th century internationalism and the concert of europe
french revolution:
what changed?
- disruption of monarchic order and ancient regime
- disurption of the balance of power
- french domination
• new ideologies
• nationalism
• industrial revolution
• perceived: start of modernity
the trigger for the vienna congress: french revolution + the rise of napoleon (tried to export the revolution to
other countries in europe; introduced his new laws = fear of a continental monarchy; napoleonic wars were
the obstacle to reaching peace on the continent)
in what way did the french revolution influence the international relations?
the ideas of the revolution disrupted the old ideas of monarchy, monarch grew afraid of the spreading
revolutionary ideas bc that’d mean the end of their reign. monarchies were used to solving problems by
going to wars (in coalitions).
the power of the french was extended and that did not sit right with other monarchs i guess
ideas about equality, civil rights etc threatened the old tradition of power —> created new ideas of
nationalism not for the monarchy but for the ppl (+ created socialism, communism etc)
created revolutionary ideologies + the power of mobilising a nation to fight
restoration era: bc they wanna restore the old order around monarchy, they work together to achieve this
1815 congress of vienna
• to contain the revolutionary ideas and zeal stemming from the french revolution
• the netherlands + belgium —> new buffer state to contain france (the united kingdom of the netherlands
until 1830)
• the austrian empire was comprised of many ethnical groups and it was v unstable —> it was important for
them to contain the revolutionary zeal —> von metternich took the lead of the congress (alongside russia
and prussia)
- collective security and balance of power
- legitimacy (of the monarchs)
- restoration (of the old empires)
- international cooperation (on ensuring theres not threats to those in power)
- belgium incorporated into the kingdom of the nl
- holy roman empire dissolved
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,- france got smaller (still a big state tho)
- spain & portugal lose their colonies
- poland was restored but in a much smaller size
which threats?
holy alliance (prussia, russia, austria) & quadruple alliance (them + the uk) against france
congress diplomacy:
• 17th & 18th c precedents:
• 1648 - peace of westphalia (ended the 30 yrs war)
• 1713 - peace of utrecht
• follow-up:
• 1818 - the quadruple alliance decided to withdraw from france
• 1820;
• 1822-1830?
• revolutions 1848
• crimean war 1853-56 & paris congress
• german & italian unification
• kingdom of 2 sicillies in 1819
• congress of berlin 1878 —> diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after
the Russo-Turkish War, which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire
• berlin conference 1884-1885 —> regulating the European colonization and trade in Africa during the New
Imperialism period
concert of power/europe:
a general consensus among the Great Powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of
power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence;
an extended period of relative peace and stability in Europe;
the beginnings of the Concert of Europe, known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the
Congress of Vienna (1814–15), was dominated by the five Great Powers of Europe: Austria, France,
Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom
became associated with the idea of a conservative restoration across the continent, a restoration that would
spy on radicals and intervene by force if necessary to put down revolutionary insurrections whenever they
challenged the principle of monarchy
not an international organisation but more of an agreement, kind of structure
effective diplomatic congress system, start of international cooperation
only met after conflicts or changes in wars
5 principles / issues of the congress
1. legitimacy (of the monarchs bc it was god-given)
2. restauration (of conservative monarch in france who supported the concert of europe)
3. monarchy (
4. solidarity (if one of the monarch get into trouble, other monarchs will send troops to restore him)
(continuity with the present - nato)
5. balance of power in europe (restore the old order n make sure it doesn’t collapse again)
in the document of the congress we see the inventions —> not an elaborate agreement —> they all sought to
reach and combine religion + peace + justice
they do not mention the actual wars that happened?? wtf
the ideas of revolutions were suppressed after the congress
BUT
just for a while —> revolutions in the 20s, 30s and those of 1848
the revolutions of 1848
• “1st european revolution” 03.1848
• communist manifesto
• liberal, national n socialist revolution
• france
• february revolution
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,• germany
• german national unification and liberalism
• national assembly in frankfurt
• italian revolution
• north against occupation of austria / south liberal constitution
• the netherlands
• the king went from a conservative monarch to a liberal one
why is it important that these revolutions were suppressed?
the memory of the revolutionary ideas remains
the end of the concert?
1. when?
• depends on how u look at it
• 1856 - end of crimean war
• 1878 - congress of berlin
• 1884 - the congo conference (scramble for africa)
• 1914 - 1918 - ww1
2. where?
• berlin (1878) or congo conference (1884-5)
3. why?
• nationalism (great power and new nations)
• imperialism
• new technologies in warfare
• internationalism
the long peace is a europocentric paradigm in historiography
consequences of the congress of vienna:
1. the netherlands + belgium —> one country (the united kingdom of the netherlands) to stop france from
gaining those territories (the buffer zone)
2. france monarchy restored: a conservative monarch put on the throne
3. conservative monarchs put on the thrones in both germany and spain (another way of containing the
french revolutionary zeal)
4. suppressing the national revolutionary movements
5. occupying of some parts of italy (north: austria; south: france)
concert of europe in relation to nationalism:
• congress of vienna: old europe, old relationship (nationalism suppressed by the secret services)
• 1800s, nationalism force in europe —> people waned to have countries based on nationality etc and not
big empires where theres a lot of different nationalities
• congress had ignored national groups —> national groups under control of large empires with different
ethnic groups
• nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions
19th century internationalisms
• earlier cooperation, e.g. hanseatic league (13th-15h c; founded by german towns & merchants abroad to
protect their mutual trading interests
• after 1789/1815: new internationalist visions
• utopianism & science
• interplay nationalism
• “mid-victorian” liberal internationalism: pacifism, trade, nationalism
• 1st form of international organizations
• central commission for the navigation on the rhine (1815)
• different internationalisms
international relations theory
1. balance of power - jus ad bellum
one of the main issues of the congress
2. realism and trust
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, realisms assume that the state leaders r rational n they make rational decision, leaders would not take actions
that would endanger their nations
3. social constructivism
they see politics as not given by nature, claim that international relation r historical constructions rather than
consequences of the human action
the balance of power theory
crimean war (1853-56)
the balance of power strategy was the trigger of the war
russia vs coalition — typical balance of power war
ottoman empire was called the “sick old man of europe” bc it was an empire based on old ideas etc and was
not keeping up with the rest of the modernising countries
competition: austrian vs russian empire (austria wanted to prevent russia from acquiring too much territory)
protection of minorities:
before: 18th c - religious minorities
now: late 19th c - national minorities
where? discussed at the congress of berlin in 1878
solutions: minority protection stipulations for newly independent states - interwar period
state interference in other states’ business —> the abolishment of slavery by the british
british ban - abolition of the slave trade - 1807
transatlantic slave trade - end 1807 - 17
an act for the abolition of slavery - 1833 (it abolished slavery but then forced those newly free peoples into
forced labour so thats like slavery again under a different name)
global regime, concert of europe
the eastern question:
the problem of what to do about the inevitable disintegration of the turkish empire;
why? turkey became so weak it should be modernized to protect itself form the russia so as not to fall n
create a vacuum power;
disturbed the balance of powers;
a matter not merely of diplomatic and military importance, but with the growth of Ukrainian grain exports,
of economic urgency also;
only the direct diplomatic and military support of Britain (i.e. the threat of war) could prevent the steady
increase in Russian influence and the collapse of Turkey under her various troubles —> made the ‘Eastern
Question’ the most explosive issue in international affairs after the Napoleonic Wars,
science & standardization
• scientific breakthrough & technology —> allowed for much easier spread of information
• new utopian imaginations of unity
• utopia: an imaginary community or society that possesses desirable or near-perfect qualities for its
members
• utopian socialism: socialism achieved through the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means
of production peacefully to the ppl, through conscience and morals, people could work together in
society and live together communally without the need for money or class
• world exhibitions
• international expositions served as ideal platforms for rival nations to showcase their advancements in
design, architecture, science, technology etc etc / platforms where the state-of-the-art in science and
technology from around the world were brought together
• 1st one —> london 1851 —> queen v demonstrated its modernity & adherence to a liberal philosophy
• paris exposition of 1889 —> a highly successful international exhibition & one of the few fairs to make a
profit
• as a result of all these scientific breakthrough —> “technical” IOs: standards and statistics
• practical bc if every country had different measures, research and shit would be much more complicated
• international telegraph union 1865
• universal postal union 1874
• international union for weights and measures 1875
• scientific internationalism & cooperation
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