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PORTAGE LEARNING PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 EXAM 2 ANSWERS (A+) JULY 2024
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PORTAGE LEARNING PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 EXAM 2 ANSWERS (A+) JULY 2024
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PORTAGE LEARNING PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251EXAM 2 ANSWERS (A+) JULY 2024
Pharmacology
Study of chemicals that alter the function of living organisms.
Drugs can be used to:
1. Prevent disease
2. Diagnose Disease
3. Cure disease
4. Treat symptoms of disease
Drugs have many different effects on the body including
(1) Therapeutic effects
(2) Side effects
(3) Adverse effects
(4) Toxic effects
Therapeutic effect
desired drug effect to alleviate some condition of symptom
Side effects
any effect other than the therapeutic effect that are usually undesirable but not harmful
Adverse effect
general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect
Toxic effects
undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening
Mechanism of action
How a drug produces its effects
targeted sit of action
the location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect, often a specific drug
receptor
Receptors
specific cellular structures that a drug binds to in order to produce a physiologic effect
Agonist receptor
works to activate a physiologic response or drug effect
Antagonist receptor
works to interfere with other drugs or substances from producing a drug-effect
Dose-dependent relationship
basic principle of pharmacology which states that the response to any drug depends on the
amount of drug given
Onset of action
the time from the drug administration to the first observable effect
Duration of action
the length of time that the drug continues to produce its effect
Drug Names include
,1. Chemical Name
2. Describe the chemical composition and molecular structure
3. Generic name - nonproprietary name
4. Trade name - Owned by the producing company.
Classification of drugs based on similarities of properties
1. Structure - e.g. beta blockers
2. Use - e.g. antibiotics
Aqueous Preparations
syrups - a solution of water and sugar to which a drug is added
Tablets
drug powders that have been compressed into convenient form for swallowing. disintegrates in
stomach more rapidly than most other solid preparations
Troches and lozenges
flattened tablets that are allowed to dissolve in the mouth
Capsules
Gelatin shells filled with powdered or liquid medication
Delayed-release Products
Tablets or capsules that are treated with a special coating designed so that the drug produces its
effect over an extended time
Enteric Coated Products
Tablets that are coated with an acid-resistant substance to prevent dissolution in the stomach
Suppositories
Drugs mixed with a substance that will melt at body temperature when inserted into the rectum,
urethra, or vag
Ointments
soft oily substances containing a drug that is applied to the skin
Transdermal patch
the drug is released from a bandage or patch and then is absorbed through the skin into the blood
stream providing continuous source of drug over 24 hours
Routes of Administration
The ways used to get a drug into the tissues of the body, where they can produce their effects.
The two main routes are oral and parenteral.
Oral administration
route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing
Parenteral administration
route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Routes of Drug Administration
Phases of drug activity
(1) Pharmaceutical Phase - administration of dosage form, dissolution of drug into body
(2) Pharmacokinetic Phase - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
(3) Pharmacodynamic Phase - drug receptor interaction
Pharmaceutics
Study of how various dosage forms influence how the drug effects the body.
Dissolution
When taken, how does it appear in the digestive tract.
Pharmakinetics
,Study of what the body does to the drug.
1. What happens to the drug when it is taken.
2. Depends on how long drug is in the system.
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
Absorption
the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood
Bioavailability
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
Distribution
transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
Metabolism
the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more potent metabolite, or a
less active metabolite
Substrates
a site where the enzyme acts
Enzyme inducer
stimulates more drug metabolism
Excretion
the elmination of drugs from the body
Biliary excretion
when some drugs are excreted through the intestines
Half-life of a drug
time it takes 50% of a given drug to be removed from the body
Steady state
the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount
absorbed with each dose
Pharmadynamics
Study of what the drug does to the body.
(drug receptor interaction - (1) receptiors, (2) enzymes, (3) nonselective)
A receptor is
a reactive site on the surface or inside a cell
Drug Receptor Interactions
(1) Agonist - Drug binds to the receptor and there is a response
(2) Partial agonist - Drug binds to the receptor but the response is diminished
(3) Antagonist - Drug binds to receptor and there is no response; prevent the binding of other
agonists
(4) Competitive anatagonist - Drug competes with the agonist, if it binds there is no response
(5) Noncompetitive antagonist - Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and
inactivates it; Agonist then has no effect.
Enzymes are
, substances that catalyze or start biochemical reactions within cells
Nonselective interactions
describe drugs that do not target a specific receptor or enzyme but rather target cell membranes
and various cell processes.
Factors affecting how someone responds to drug therapy
-Age, weight, sex, and genetic variation.
-Infants, children, and the elderly are generally more sensitive to drug actions than younger
adults.
Age related changes in pharmacokinetics
(1) Absorption - Drug absorption is delayed due to decreased intestinal blood flow, surface area
and motility- this slows the onset of action
(2) Distribution - Distribution is increased leading to increased drug effect due to decreased body
water, lean body mass and increased fat content
(3) Metabolism - Drug metabolism decreases increasing the duration of the drug due to decrease
in blood flow to the liver and decrease in liver enzymes
(4) Excretion - Excretion is decreased due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys and overall
decreased renal function as one ages
Most adult dosages are caculated for a _____ lbs adult
150 lbs
Higher body fat percentage means that there is
less body water for the drug to dissolve in; therefore, they may have a greater response to the
drug.
Drug interaction
the actions of one drug are affected by another drug.
Common Drug Interactions
-Incompatibility: Physical changes that occur to a drug when it is mixed with another prior to
administration
-Additive Effects: When the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each on their
own
-Synergism: When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual
effects.
-Antagonism: When the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual
effects.
The most common drug interactions happen when
there is competition between two drugs for metabolizing enzymes within the cytochrome P-450
enzyme
Absorption + PPIs and Ircon
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