Course BIOS 251 Anatomy and Physiology I with Lab (BIOS251)

EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTION ON WK3&WK4 CELLS/TISSUES 24 MULTIPLE CHOICE 4 MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS 2 ESSAYS 75 MINUTES TO COMPLETE (THURSDAY JUNE 3RD 6:15PM) #1 ESSAY QUESTION: CELLULAR RESPIRATION: COMPARE AND CONTRAST: 4 DIFFERENCES/ WRITE ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ● KREBS CYCLE: the end product is either lactic acid or pyruvic acid. ● Oxygen present where is it going? Oxygen not present you have lactic acid being produced as a by product in anaerobic respiration. ● As long as there is oxygen available to tissue, a man running a marathon is going to be producing pyruvic acid once no oxygen then pyruvate gets into a shuttle and now the end product of pyruvate which is anaerobic respiration is lactic acid. Run marathon very end sprints to finish line the point all oxygen depleted. Nobody has to use anaerobic respiration. ● AEROBIC RESPIRATION: ○ Uses oxygen ○ BOTH USE STAGES:Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain ○ USE SITE OF REACTION: CYTOPLASM & MITOCHONDRIA ○ REACTANTS: glucose, oxygen ○ NO alcohol or lactic acid is made ○ CO2 and water are always made ○ Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through THE KREBS CYCLE when oxygen is present Aerobic respiration and then ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking (lactic acid). ● ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: ○ Does not use oxygen: PRODUCE OTHER BI PRODUCTS LACTIC ACID BUILDUP. ○ BOTH USE STAGES:Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain ○ BOTH USE SITE OF REACTION: CYTOPLASM ○ PRODUCES:Lactic Acid & Alcohol ○ REACTANTS : glucose, electron acceptor (not oxygen) ○ CO2 is sometimes made, water is never made #2 ESSAY QUESTION:COMPARE AND CONTRAST MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS ● MITOSIS: (FIG.4.14 PG.140) ○ One cell division ○ Daughter cells identical ○ Associated with growth and asexual reproduction ○ Starts out with diploid cells ends with 2 daughter cells after on division ○ 46 chromosomes in each daughter cell ○ # of chromosomes stay the same ○ Produced in somatic cells ■ PMAT: PHASES OF MITOSIS ● PROPHASE: Chromosomes become visible, spindle fibers form, and nuclear envelope breaks up.( Nuclear condensation) ● METAPHASE:Chromatids line up in the middle of the cell & spindle fibers pull them. ● ANAPHASE:Chromatids separate and move to the poles; spindle fibers pull them. ● TELOPHASE:Chromosomes disappear and the nucleus envelope forms daughter cells. ● CYTOKINESIS: the division of the cytoplasm into two cells. ● INTERPHASE: in this phase waiting for the next cell cycle. ● MEIOSIS: ○ Don't make identical copies ○ Produces gametes ○ Sexual reproduction ○ Egg and sperm cells are Haploid cells then 4 daughter cells produced after one division. (one division produces 4 daughter cells) ○ 23 chromosomes in each daughter cell ○ # chromosomes splits in half ○ MEIOSIS PROCESS: process in cell division where # of chromosomes decreases to half the original # occurs by 2 divisions of the nucleus and results in the production of 4 sex cells (gametes) ● BOTH MITOSIS/MEIOSIS: ○ Forms of cellular reproduction ○ Involve chromosomes from both parents(duplication of chromosomes) CONNECTIVE TISSUE: IDENTIFY THEM TABLE 5.4 PG.165 TABLE 5.5 PG. 167 ● ADIPOSE TISSUE: FAT TISSUES: Adipocytes=FAT ○ LOCATED: in subcutaneous layer: under skin above muscle ○ FUNCTION: Energy storage, thermal insulation, heat production, protective cushion,for some organs, shapes the body. ○ Breaking down fats for when we need it ○ FAT CELLS UNDER MICROSCOPE LOOK LIKE “DIAMOND RING” ■ Nucleus pushed against plasma membrane blood vessels present. ○ FAT CELLS PRODUCE ESTROGEN HORMONE ■ EX amenorrhea-loss of menstrual cycle b/c of low body fat. ■ Does Not convert estrogen to an active form. ● Areolar Tissue: loose connective (HOLDS INTESTINAL FLUIDS/TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS & WASTE) ○ CONTAINS ALL 3 FIBERS AND SECRETES FIBROBLASTS. ● Reticular Tissue: mesh tissue: (lymphatic organs)(ex. Lymph nodes, spleen) ● Dense Regular: tightly bound (runs parallel in picture) ● Dense Irregular: randomly arranged (Stratum Basale) ● 3 TYPES PROTEIN FIBERS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES ○ ELASTIC FIBERS: STRETCH AND RECOIL AND CONTAIN THE PROTEIN CALLED ELASTIN. ○ RETICULAR FIBERS: FOUND IN ORGANS THAT HAVE A LOT OF MESH LIKE INTERNAL STRUCTURES (EX SPLEEN FULL OF THESE B/C IT ACTS LIKE A FILTER) ○ COLLAGENOUS FIBERS:VERY STRONG AND THIN STRONGEST OF THE 3 FIBERS. BONE: Calcified matrix arranged in concentric lamellae around the central canal.(PG170 TABLE 5.7) INCLUDE: Lacunae, Concentric lamellae of osteon, Central canal, Osteon LOCATIONS: Skeletal BONE CELL: Osteocytes FUNCTIONS: Provide strength, structure, protection for organs,make red blood cells, store calcium and phosphorus. TENDONS: connective tissue that connects muscles to bone. LIGAMENTS: tissue connects bone to bone. ■ Joints: place where 2 bones meet only part of the body that moves. ● Examples: wrist, shoulder BLOOD: Erythrocytes appear as pale pink discs w/ light centers and no nuclei,Leukocytes slightly larger, have shaped nuclei, stained violet.