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NR 601 Final Exam Study Guide (Version-2) / NR601 Final Exam Study Guide A+
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NR 601 Final Exam Study Guide (Version-2) / NR601 Final Exam Study Guide A+
NR 601 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
, NR 601 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Week 5: Glucose metabolism disorders
Types of DM
1. Type 1- severe insulin deficiency resulting in reduction or absence of functioning beta
cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. This leads to hyperglycemia due to altered
metabolism of lipids, carbs, and proteins. Initial s/s of hyperglycemia. Subjective findings-
polyuria, polydipsia, nocturnal enuresis and polyphagia with paradoxical weight loss, visual
changes and fatigue. Objective-dehydration(poor skin turgor and dry mucous), wt loss despite
normal/increase appetite, reduction in muscle mass. DKA-fatigue, cramping, abnormal breathing
2. Type 2- Type 2 DM is characterized by the abnormal secretion of insulin, resistance to
the action of insulin in the target tissues, and/or an inadequate response at the level of the insulin
receptor. A patient may, however, present with pruritus, fatigue, neuropathic complaints such as
numbness and tingling, or blurred vision.
3. Prediabetic- fasting glucose consistently elevated above the normal range but less than
100-
125. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) state of hyperglycemia where 2 hr post glucose load
glycemic level is 140-199
Diagnostic criteria- there are 4 lab-based criteria to confirm DM: A1C, random plasma glucose,
fasting plasma glucose, and 2-hr post load plasma glucose
• AIC of 6.5 or higher=diabetes
• Random plasma glucose level of 200 WITH classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or a
hyperglycemic crisis
• Fasting plasma glucose level of 126 or higher on TWO occasions(fasting is defined as no
caloric intake for at least 8 hrs
,• 2-hour post load plasma glucose level of 200 or higher during an OGTT, following
consumption of a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75g of anhydrous glucose dissolved
in water (OGTT is also used to screen for diabetes during pregnancy)
*** In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia results should be confirmed by repeat testing
on a new blood sample without delay, preferably using the same type of test.***
• *All above-but confirmation of type 2 diabetes mellitus requires: two fasting blood
glucoses
≥126 mg/dL or two random blood glucoses ≥200 mg/dL.
• You do not screen for type 1 diabetes but you do screen for type 2 if an individual is
overweight or obese, regardless of age, and for all adults aged 45 years and older. Tests should
be repeated at a minimum of 3 year intervals
Initial Treatment-
Type 1- FIRST LINE: INSULIN. The initial goal of treatment for type 1 DM is to normalize the
elevated blood glucose level. This is best accomplished by intensive insulin regimens to achieve
the following goals: plasma glucose levels of 80 to 130 mg/dL before meals, peak postprandial
1
(1–2 hours after the beginning of a meal) glucose levels of less than 180 mg/dL, and an A1C
below 7% for adults with type 1 DM. A comprehensive treatment plan requires exogenous
insulin, frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), medical nutrition therapy, regular
exercise, continuing education in prevention and treatment of diabetic complications, and the
periodic reassessment of treatment goals. (Type 1A: insulin dependent, Type 1B: variably insulin
dependent). The ADA Standards of medical care in diabetes states that the majority of patients
with type 1 DM, should be treated with multiple daily injections of prandial insulin and daily
basal insulin or with a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump. INITIATION OF
INSULIN THERAPY IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED TYPE 1 DM, SHOULD BE MANAGED BY
OR IN CLOSE COLLABORATION WITH AN ENDOCRINOLOGIST.
, Type 2-FIRST LINE: LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT. Interventions should include treatments
directed at both risk reduction and glycemic control. Lifestyle management is an important part
of treatment and comprises nutrition therapy, activity prescriptions for exercise, decreased
prolonged sitting, and in older adults, training in balance and flexibility. Lifestyle management
should focus on mental health, sleep, and smoking cessation. Obesity management has become a
high-level target in the treatment of pts with type 2 DM. ADA states that every patient should
receive diabetes self-management education and diabetes self-management support at the time of
diagnosis.
Pharmacological therapy for type 2 DM is required when lifestyle management does not result in
adequate blood glucose control. Drug therapy should always be considered an adjunctive therapy
to lifestyle management, as the latter is typically initiated first. The ADA and AACE recommend
metformin if there are no contraindications, such as renal disease or abnormal creatinine
clearance, acute myocardial infarction, or septicemia.
The AACE recommends adding a second agent to lifestyle treatment and metformin if the A1C
is more than 7.5% at the time of diagnosis or after 3 months of monotherapy without
achievement of the patient’s blood glucose goals. Metformin can be used as a monotherapy
unless the patient has contraindications or intolerance. Although metformin is the first-line
medication recommended by the ADA and the AACE for DM type 2, it should be used only in
patients with adequate renal function and should not be used in patients with an eGFR below 45
mL/min/1.73 m2.
• Immediately upon diagnosis of type 2 DM, begin lifestyle therapy with medically
assisted obesity treatment.
• If glycemic goals are still not met 3 months later, begin single-agent or dual therapy with
oral antidiabetic agents, depending on whether A1C is less than or greater than 7.5%.
• If glycemic goals are not met in 3 months, initiate triple therapy.
• If after 3 additional months (or at the time of diagnosis) A1C is 9.0% or higher and the
patient is symptomatic, add insulin therapy.
• A1c-Gyycemic level over 2-3months and is helpful is documenting control and
continuing care.
• A1c less than 7% indicate strong control
• 6.5%or less decrease occurrence of complications achieved w/o hypoglycemia or other
adverse effect.
2
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