Principles of Embalming 2 exam fully solved & updated(download to pass)

An analysis can be defined as the detailed examination of the elements of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation. If we extend that to what we're studying, we can say that the embalming analysis is the detailed examination of the deceased human being on your embalming table, as a basis for determining the most effective way to proceed with embalming them The embalming analysis takes place from prior to arterial injection, all the way until time of disposition or the release of custody to another funeral establishment. The specific time periods would be * Prior to arterial injection * During arterial injection * After arterial injection Cause of death is the condition(s) causing a person to die, or the disease or injury responsible for the death; for example, myocardial infarction, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and a host of other possibilities Manner of death refers to the categories into which a death may fall, or how the death came about. There are five manners of death: a. natural - death caused by disease or natural processes b. suicide - death from self-inflicted injury with evidence of intent to die. c. homicide - the action of one person directly causing the death of another. d. accident - unnatural death resulting from inadvertent chance happening. e. undetermined - cases that have very little available information about the circum-stances causing death. cause of death The conditions which cause a person to die edema Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities. embalming analysis That consideration given to the dead body prior to, during, and after the embalming procedure is completed extrinsic From outside the body. extrinsic factors Factors affecting the embalming analysis that come from outside the body formaldehyde demand Amount of preservative (formaldehyde) required to effectively preserve remains; depends on the condition of the tissues as determined in the embalming analysis. Also called preservative demand. intrinsic From within the body. intrinsic factors Factors affecting the embalming analysis that come from within the body manner of death categories into which a death may fall (ex, homicide, accidental) postmortem interval Time lapse between death and embalming preservative demand Amount of preservative (formaldehyde) required to effectively preserve remains; depends on the condition of the tissues as determined in the embalming analysis. Also called formaldehyde demand. primary dilution Dilution attained as embalming solution is mixed in the embalming machine. purge Postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of pressure secondary dilution Weakening of the embalming solution by the fluids in the body, both vascular and interstitial Embalming fluids and accessory chemicals are solutions of solids, liquids and gases which can be injected into the body arterially, hypodermically, or be applied to the body surface as a spray, wash or pack. ARTERIAL (Embalming, Vascular, or Preservative) FLUIDS the concentrated, preservative embalming chemical that will be diluted with water (or another appropriate vehicle such as alcohol) to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial (vascular) system during vascular (arterial) embalming. The arterial solution (embalming solution, primary dilution) is the in-use solution composed of embalming fluid diluted with water and other additive (supplemental) chemicals for injection into the body. Embalming fluid is an aqueous solution of gasses, liquids and solids injected into the arterial system for diffusion into the tissue cells to produce a state of preservation. Arterial vascular fluid may be a part of both primary and/or secondary injections. Primary injection is the first or initial injection which may or may not contain preservatives. It is sometimes referred to as pre-injection. Secondary injection is that injection taking place after the primary injection (first injection or pre-injection) Arterial vascular fluid may be a part of both primary and/or secondary injections purpose is disinfect, preserve and firm the tissues without causing objectionable changes in the skin or tissues. This is not necessarily an easy task. The same chemicals that disinfect and preserve usually dehydrate, discolor or cause various other objectionable changes to the skin and tissues. The components of this mixture are preservatives, supplementary germicides, anticoagulants, reodorants, surfactants, dyes, modifying agents and vehicles. Classification of arterial fluid INDEX is the amount of formaldehyde gas (grams) dissolved in 100 ml. of water a) Strong / Hardening / Firming: index of 26 - 36 causes rapid tissue coagulation and fixation with a definite degree of firmness used for problem cases and more difficult to firm bodies improper use may cause an excessive degree of dehydration b) Medium / Semi-hardening / Semi-firming: index of 16 - 25 produces moderate, slow-forming flexible firmness with little dehydration used for routine cases c) Weak / Non-hardening / Non-firming: index of 5 - 15 produces a minimum amount of firming used for jaundice cases, children and infants COLOR a) Cosmetic fluids contain active dyes that give color to body tissues. b) Non-cosmetic fluids contain inactive dyes that cause no color change in the body, they color the fluid only PRESERVATIVES Preservatives are some of the most important components of arterial fluid. They inactivate saprophytic bacteria and render the medium upon which they thrive unsuitable for nutrition. They arrest decomposition by altering the enzymes of the body by denaturing the proteins of the body in such a manner that the enzymes of decomposition cannot work. They convert the decomposable tissues into a form less susceptible to decomposition. All preservatives have disinfecting value, but many disinfectants have preserving power as well. ALDEHYDES all aldehydes function by cross-linking proteins. a. Formaldehyde (methanal, HCHO) Is probably the most frequently used aldehyde. (The second is gluteraldehyde.) Formaldehyde is inexpensive, bactericidal and inhibits yeast and mold growth. It rapidly destroys autolytic enzymes and acts on the body's proteins making them insoluble and thereby inhibiting tissue decomposition. A small amount is needed to act on a large amount of protein. It deodorizes the body amines formed during putrefaction. DIALDEHYDES a. Glyoxal Tends to stain tissue yellow limiting its use mainly to cavity fluid formulations. b. Gluteraldehyde Produces less firming than formaldehyde and has outstanding disinfectant qualities. It is capable of reacting with protein structures over a wide pH range. It is less dehydrating than formaldehyde. Is an excellent disinfectant that is known as a "cold chemical sterilant". ALCOHOLS a. Methyl alcohol - (methanol, wood alcohol, CH3OH ) will cross-link proteins as well as being an antipolymerizing agent for formaldehyde. b. Ethyl alcohol - (ethanol, grain alcohol, C2H5OH) occasionally this may be used. c. Isopropyl alcohol - (rubbing alcohol) - C3H7OH - has the best germicidal qualities of the three. PHENOL (Carbolic Acid, C6H5OH) or PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS Phenol functions as a preservative and disinfectant, but by itself is a bleaching agent used to lighten skin discolorations. It is used only on anatomical specimens not in fluid because of the putty gray appearance it produces when mixed with formaldehyde. It was one of the most commonly found components of embalming fluid many years ago because it is very rapidly absorbed by protein structures. In addition to its