Chamberlain BIOS 251 Exam 1 | With
complete solution | UPDATED 2024
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and
Percussion
Inspection - Seeing the body
Palpation - to examine by touch
Auscultation - Listening with a stethoscope
Percussion - taking hands and beating over certain parts of body
Medical Imaging - methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, i.e.
radiology
Gross Anatomy - Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Histology - the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Histopathology - microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Cytology - study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure - fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron
microscope
Subdisciplines of Physiology - neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology
Neurophysiology - physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology - study of hormones
Pathophysiology - mechanisms of disease
Hippocrates - Father of medicine
Scientific Fact - information that can be independently verified
Law of Nature - a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and
energy behave
Theory - explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and
confirmed hypotheses
Bipedalism - the ability to walk upright on two legs
The Hierarchy of Complexity - Organ system-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-
molecules-atoms
situs invertus - heart is on the opposite side
Organization - living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things
Cellular Composition - living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more
cells
Metabolism - internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur
in the body
Responsiveness - ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
Movement - of organism and/or of substances within the organism
Characteristics of life - organization, cellular composition, metabolism,
responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution
Homeostasis - the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and
thereby maintain stable internal conditions
Physiological Variation - Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and
environment
, Feedback Loops - biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained
Homeostasis in Body Temperature - -If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and
sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
Negative Feedback - a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions
that reduce the stimulus
Receptor - structure that senses change in the body
Integrating (control) Center - control center that processes the sensory information,
"makes a decision," and directs the response
Effector - cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore
homeostasis
Positive Feedback - Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated.
Normal way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth
Gradient - a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure
between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles
flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients.
CT Scan - computed tomography scan
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
PET scan - a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of
glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Sonography - high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
The relationship between function and structure - Form creates function, function
predicts form
The primary function of red blood cells - To transport vital gases to and from the body
tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the
tissues to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.
How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - As they mature they lose their
nucleus and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are
oxygen binding proteins.
What do red blood cells display? - Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to
their original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able
to flow through narrow blood vessels.
Superior - Structure that is toward the head of the body
How many body cavities are in the body? - 4
Ventral/Dorsal - front and back
anterior/posterior - Toward the ventral side
Toward the dorsal side
Cephallic - toward the head or superior end
Rostral - toward the forehead or nose
Caudal - toward the tail or inferior end
Inferior - below
Medial/Lateral - toward the midline/away from the midline
Proximal/Distal - closer to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment
ipsilateral/contralateral - on the same side of the body/opposite side of body
Superficial/Deep - closer to body surface/farther from body surface
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