CogSci 1B Final Certification Exam Questions and Answers 2024

CogSci 1B Final Certification Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Perception I: Visual Perception & Imagery (UNIT) - CORRECT ANSWER-... When did cognitive scientists start examining the brain during different cognitive processes and what facilitated this? - CORRECT ANSWER-- 1980s - functional neuroimaging Two visual systems hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Two pathways of visual processing - dorsal stream - ventral stream Dorsal stream - CORRECT ANSWER-involved in perception of spatial location - "where" pathway - starts in V1 and travels and ends in the posterior parietal cortex Ventral stream - CORRECT ANSWER-involved in the perception of form - "what" pathway - starts in V1 and ends in the inferior temporal cortex Tri-Level Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-holds that mental or artificial information processing events can be evaluated on three different levels: - computational: most abstract (what is the output or purpose?) - algorithmic: programming level (what steps are being used?) - implementation: lowest level (what hardware is being used? How are the algorithms realized physically) First stage of Marr's Model of Visual Processing - CORRECT ANSWER-when image is projected onto the retina, it is analyzed in terms of light and dark areas that indicate and determine basic features of the object such as line segments and shapes. The result is a raw primal sketch of the image Second stage of Marr's Model of Visual Processing - CORRECT ANSWER-When features in the raw primal sketch are grouped together based on size and orientation to produce a 2.5D sketch that is viewer-centered Third stage of Marr's Model of Visual Processing - CORRECT ANSWER-The image is transformed into a 3D sketch in which axes of symmetry and elongation link the object parts - sketch is object centered which solves object constancy problem Symmetry axis - CORRECT ANSWER-line that divides an object into mirror image halves elongation axis - CORRECT ANSWER-line defining the direction along which the main bulk of a shape is distributed Hierarchical Organization of Human Visual System - CORRECT ANSWER-Information flows through a progression of different areas, each of which generates a representation of increasing complexity Human visual system explained - CORRECT ANSWER-1. input from the retina - optic nerve - optic chiasm - superior colliculus of the brainstem - LGN (in the thalamus) 2. LGN - V1 projects onto the striate cortex 3. V1 - V2 4. V2 - ventral (info goes to V4 then to ITC) or dorsal pathway (info goes to MT then to PPC) What happens in V1? - CORRECT ANSWER-V1 is retinotopically organized - neurons/feature detectors perceive low-level features such as orientation and direction of movement - also filters info to identify edges and contours What happens in V2? - CORRECT ANSWER-Neurons here process more complex features of edges, shape, and depth What happens in the inferior temporal cortex (ITC)? - CORRECT ANSWER-specialized areas for face recognition (fusiform face area) and identification of the human body and body parts (fusiform body area) Retinal disparity - CORRECT ANSWER-points on objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas - the closer the object, the larger the disparity - provides basis for depth perception Extrastriate cortex (secondary visual cortex) - CORRECT ANSWER-processes additional features of visual info such as movement, spatial frequency, retinal disparity, and color Trichromatic (three color) theory - CORRECT ANSWER-retina has 3 different cones sensitive to red, green, and blue wavelengths - color blind people lack functioning red or green cones Opponent-process theory - CORRECT ANSWER-the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vis