Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts. It involves observing the physical relationships and locations of various organs and tissues. Anatomy can be divided into several subfields:
Human anatomy and physiology are two closely related branches of biology that deal with the
structure and function of the human body, respectively.
Human Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts. It involves observing the physical
relationships and locations of various organs and tissues. Anatomy can be divided into several
subfields:
Gross Anatomy: The study of body structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Surface Anatomy:Study of the external features of the body.
Regional Anatomy: Study of specific regions of the body (e.g., the head or chest).
Systemic Anatomy: Study of specific organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system).
Microscopic Anatomy: The study of structures that require a microscope to be seen.
Cytology: Study of cells.
Histology: Study of tissues.
Human Physiology
Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. It involves understanding the
biochemical, physical, and mechanical functions of various systems and organs. Physiology can
also be divided into various subfields:
Cell Physiology: Study of the functions of cells.
Systems Physiology: Study of the function of specific organ systems.
Neurophysiology: Study of the nervous system.
Cardiovascular Physiology: Study of the heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory Physiology: Study of the respiratory system.
, Major Organ Systems
The human body is organized into several organ systems, each with specific functions essential
for maintaining homeostasis and overall health:
Integumentary System: Includes skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body, regulates
temperature, and provides sensory information.
Skeletal System: Comprises bones, cartilage, and ligaments. It supports and protects organs,
allows movement, and produces blood cells.
Muscular System: Consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It enables movement,
maintains posture, and produces heat.
Nervous System: Includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It controls body
activities with electrical signals.
Endocrine System: Comprises glands that secrete hormones. It regulates metabolism, growth,
and other functions.
Cardiovascular System: Consists of the heart and blood vessels. It transports nutrients, gases,
and wastes.
Lymphatic System: Includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymphoid organs. It defends
against infection and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
Respiratory System: Comprises the lungs and airways. It supplies oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide.
Digestive System: Includes the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. It processes food for
energy and nutrient absorption.
Urinary System: Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes waste and
maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.
Reproductive System: Includes organs for producing offspring. In males, it includes the testes
and penis; in females, the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
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