Bio 210 Exam 1 Study guide (Ch.1-3) with 100% correct answers already graded A+

Define the term anatomy The study of the structural components of the human body Give TWO examples for the application of anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Define the term physiology The study of the functions of a living organism and its parts Give TWO specific examples for the application of physiology The digestive system The Skeletal system List the levels of organization in the human body starting with the atom 1.Chemical level 2.Cellular level 3.Tissue level 4.Organ level 5.Organ system 6.Organism Give one example of each level of organization 1. Chemical: Atoms 2.Cellular: Cells are fundamental units of life 3.Tissue: Groups of cells working together 4.Organ: Made up of several types of tissues 5.Organ Systems: Group of organs working together 6.Organism: All of the various parts working together in unison . List the six functions of human life 1.Organization 2.Metabolism 3.Responsiveness 4.Movement Development/Growth 6.Reproduction Give one example of each function of human life 1.Organization: The body has internal compartments. 2.Metabolism: Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body 3.Responsiveness : The ability to sense, monitor, and react to the environment and changes in the environment. 4.Movement: The motion of the body as a whole and motion of individual organs and cells 5.Development and Growth: All the changes the body goes through in life, differentiation, growth, and repair 6.Reproduction: Formation of a new organism from parent organism List the 11 body systems umentary tal lar us rine 6. cardiovascular atic ratory tive ry ductive List the functions of EACH of the 11 body systems 1.Integumentary: Protection, water regulation, endocrine 2.Skeletal: Support, protection, movement 3.Muscular: Movement, transportation, heat 4.Nervous: Communication, control 5.Endocrine: Hormones - Communication, control 6.Cardiovascular: Transportation, regulation 7.Lymphatic: Water balance, immunity, absorption 8.Respiratory: Gas, exchange 9.Digestive: Absorption, energy, storage 10.Urinary: Water and PH balance 11.Reproduction: Produce life Describe the anatomical position. Why is having an anatomical position important? Standard anatomical position of the human body consists of the body standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one another. The upper limbs, or arms, hang at either side and the palms face forward. Common, universal, standard reference position. Important because it creates clear points and avoids confusion in anatomy. List AND define all the directional terms Superior: Above or higher than another part of the body Inferior: Below or lower than another part of the body Anterior: Front Posterior: Back Medial: Towards the midline of the body Lateral: Away from the midline of the body Proximal: Nearest the trunk of the body Distal: Furthest the trunk of the body Superficial: nearer the surface Deep: Further away the body surface Apply each directional term by using them in a sentence The forehead is superior to the nose. The mouth is inferior to the forehead. The face is in the anterior of the body. The elbow is in the posterior of the body. The belly button is medial to the body. The elbow is lateral from the belly button. The chest is proximal to the body. The top of the head is distal from the body. The bones are superficial and the skin is deep from the body List AND define the body planes Frontal: Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse: A horizontal used to divide the body into superior and inferior portions Sagittal: Divides the body into left and right side Midsagittal: Divides the plane into equal right and left Parasagittal: Divides the plan into unequal left and right Describe the body regions and list at least Two main organs in each region Axial- Head, neck, and torso Main organ: Heart, lungs Appendicular: Upper and lower extremities Main organ: skin Describe the body cavities and list at least Two main organs in each cavity 1. Dorsal or posterior cavity: Cavity found mostly in the back of the body main organs: Brain, spinal cord 2. Ventral or anterior cavity: Cavity found mostly in the front of the body main organs: Lungs, heart Describe how the abdomen and pelvis are divided into regions The abdomen is divided into 9 regions and 4 quadrants List the names of those abdominopelvic regions. Right hypochondriac region, Left hypochondriac region, Right illic region, left iliac region, umbilical region, Right lumbar region, left lumbar region, Epigastric region, hypogastric region Describe how the abdomen and pelvis are divided into quadrants Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, Lower right quadrant, lower left quadrant List the components of homeostatic mechanisms in negative feedback loops and give a definition of each 1.Sensor: Detects change in environment 2.Control center: Decides what to do about change 3.Effector: Carries out actions decided upon control center 4.Feedback: Changes to the system are recognized and affect future activity Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops Negative feedback loops are used to regulate and maintain homeostasis Positive feedback loops intensifies the stimulus for specific situations but does not maintain homeostasis List the important elements that are found in the body Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen calcium phosphorus Differentiate between inorganic and organic compounds by listing distinguishing characteristics of each Inorganic compounds: Small, simple, usually do not contain hydrogen or carbon Ex. Sodium chloride and brass Organic Compounds: Consists mostly of carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen bonds. Typically larger and more complex Ex. carbohydrates and proteins List the four major organic compounds important to biological life 1.Carbohydrates s ins ic acids