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Digestive SystemDigestive System
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Exam of 50 pages for the course Immunology Chapter 7 Kuby at Immunology Chapter 7 Kuby (Digestive System)
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1. Digestive System2. Accessory organs of digestion
3. Glands of the small intestine
4. Controlling GI Secretion and Motility
5. Phases of Gastric Secretion
6. Liver Functions
7. GI Secretions
8. Diagnostic Studies of GI System
9. Blood Studies
10. Drug Therapy for Constipation
11. Antidiarrheal Drugs
12. GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
13. Peptic Ulcer Disease
14. Crohn’s Disease
15. Ulcerative Colitis
16. Crohn’s vs. Ulcerative Colitis
,DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
,
, Digestion is a breaking down process which is either mechanical or chemical.
• Mechanical digestion includes the chewing of food in the mouth, churning
it in the stomach and the processes of peristalsis and segmentation in the
intestines.
• Chemical digestion depends on the use of digestive enzymes to break down
the carbohydrates, fat and protein in food into simpler nutrients that can be
absorbed into the body and used by the cells. The digestive enzymes act on
food in the mouth, stomach and small intestine (k Box 7.4). Substances that
remain unchanged by the digestive process are:
ӹ Small molecules such as water, glucose, vitamins and minerals
ӹ Fibre, which is resistant to digestion in the small intestine but is partly or
completely broken down by the gut microbiota in the colon
Accessory organs of digestion
Salivary glands
The three pairs of salivary glands open into the mouth near the tongue. The
saliva they produce is an alkaline fluid that:
◆ Keeps the mouth moist, which aids chewing and swallowing
◆ Enables dry food to be tasted
◆ Contains the enzyme amylase that starts the digestion of starch
◆ Has antibacterial properties; when the flow of saliva is poor, the mouth is
more susceptible to infections, e.g. Candidiasis (thrush)
◆ Counteracts acidity in the mouth, making teeth less vulnerable to dental
caries and the gums to gingivitis.
Liver
The liver is the second largest organ in the body, with only the skin being
larger and heavier. It is dark reddish-brown, situated beneath the diaphragm
in the upper right side of the abdomen and protected by the ribcage. The liver
consists of two main lobes, each with eight segments containing many lobules
connected to small ducts.
Vessels connected to the liver
The liver is unusual because it receives blood from two sources – oxygenated
blood from the hepatic artery and deoxygenated but nutrient-rich blood from
the intestine via the hepatic portal vein. Blood then drains from the liver via
one vessel – the hepatic vein – and is returned to the circulation via the inferior
vena cava.
Structure of the liver
The liver is composed of units called lobules. Each lobule contains rows of
hepatocytes (liver cells) which radiate out from a central vein. The hepatocytes
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