Summary paper 3 history IB European States In The Interwar Years ()
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Course
IB History
Institution
Kings College London (KCL)
It examines the reasons behind the political polarization in Spain, the successes and failures of Primo de Rivera’s government, and the factors contributing to the nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War. The plan also evaluates the survival and challenges of the Weimar Republic, the rise of...
Discuss the reasons for political polarization in Spain between 1931 and 1936
① One of the reasons for the political polarization in Spain is due to the left Republic in 1931 to 1936
↳ Azana l i m i ts the of the church > the c h u rc h wa s no
longer in control of education
power
-
of attacked government attempted to reduce number o f officers by offering early retirement full pay 50 % of officers
army wa s also or
↳ power - -
radicalized to the right officers in nationalist
·
but the
police backfired as this meant that the army wa s as the who stayed the
army were
desperate existed in
depression fell
) problems exacerbated by 1/3
that
↳ economic Spain were
by the
production
-
4 As a result , the CEDA wa s for med to
protect the interests of the
Right
·
Spain did indeed become m o re
politically polarized during the left
Republic
. However, the left republic brought some stability in the
country as regions were given m o re independence -
Catalonia wa s given i ts ow n
parliament
Historiography - Payne discusses that the Republican's efforts to establish Spain's first democratic political systems
and to institute major reforms within the Republic was useful in theory
② Right Republic 1933-1936 > me
-
made
right reversed
by the left
all of
republic
the re fo r m s
>
- as a result of the growing tensions
,
Azana resigned ,
new elections were held and the right wo n >
-
CEDA became the
biggest party
is c o n t ro l education
↳ Church n ow
given ove r
land re fo r m wa s halted
↳ Th e programme
regions withdrawn
↳ the newly wo r independence of the we r e
region supported left-wing
The
h ow a
g ove r n m e n t
↳ threats f ro m a left general st ri ke increased and violence .
widespread -
led right wing
brutal
this
becoming
wa s to the
government m o re
in their treatment with opposition
Historiography
③ Popular front government 1936
election held in 1936 and left coalition
wa s a
wing
↳ the right wing government disintegrated
as the economic and political situation deteriorate
-
between socialists a n a rc h i sts and communist wa s
,
↳ Azand m i n i ste r and star ted to reser ve all the countermeasures made by
the right
b e cam e prime again
land countryside increased and spain the
early stages revolution
4 Anarchists encouraged peasants to seize in -
Violence wa s in of a left
wing
Historiography from historian Robinson - “Republic was the war itself”
⑪ Trigger causes
of front right wing CEDA into turmoil
↳T h e victory the popular threw
↳ Robles began to use his funds to use his funds to support plans for a military coup
↳ In fa c ,
t an extreme nationalist group
of junior Military officers (including hola and Franco) began to
plan the coup as soon as the
popular front attained power
↳ the
Catalyst wa s the m u rd e r of the
popular CEDA
politician Sotelo
1936 successful in nor ther n Spain and Andalusia , but i t failed in m a j o r industrial
↳T h e coup wa s initiated on the 17 July in . The Coup wa s
as we l l as madrid
a re a s
↳ consequently ,
both sides re a c h e d a deadlock and the Civil wa r began
, Evaluate the successes and failures of Primo di Rivera's government between 1923 and 1930
① Political divisions during the Primo di Rivera's government were mainly a success
Success >
-
he tried to establish an authoritarian right wing regime to redress Spain's problems
>
-
although he tried to s e t up a
military dictatorship ; King Alfonso supported the regime
>
-
he wa s seen as a saviour' by many people in Spain
, leading a crusade against social problems political corruption and
,
imperial humiliation
- he closed d ow n Cortes
suspending the constitution and
, banning all political par ties
Failure he set up h i s ow n political but Patriotic Union never achieved m u ch
popular support
- party ,
the
>
-
The dictatorship ended in 1925 but Primo di R i ve r a remained Prime Minister
>
-
be of the economic problem due to me
depression
- he lost the
backing of the
King
Historiography Christopher Ross - “Primo's entire revolution from above contained the seeds of its own failure. IN
trying to tackle the grievances of so many different groups simultaneously, he finished up satisfying none”
② In terms of the economic problem, during Primo di Rivera's regime, there were mostly economic failure
Success >
-
wa s relatively successful up to Wall Street Crash in 1929
>
-
established a
system of arbitration for labour disputes and some government subsidies for
housing a h e a l t h c a re
he able maintain some support from Basques although abandoned the idea of fo r the
region
>
- wa s to the as be
autonomy
in
>
- he ended the
costly wa r in Morocco 1925
,
with assistance f ro m French
Failure > the ran massive debts put spair in to dreadful Situation
regime up
a
-
-
>
-
his finance m i n i s te r wa s unable to refor m the tax system and his public works had to be financed using government loans
Peso fell Middle class
>
-
The value of in 1928 since the
regime bor rowed too much
money-wiped out the
savings of Spain small
>
-
he started various infrastructure programmes for railways ,
roads and electrification -
m o re debt
,
>
-
When the Depression hit the fo o d prices a exports fell a unemployment increased
,
Historiography Patricia Knight “faced with the difficulties of modernizing a backward economy in a country without a
strong democratic traditions, and against the background of the Depression, the Republic was facing problem by 1936”
③ Social factor also results in more failure than success
built 2 000 new schools a
,
success >
-
recognized degrees awarded by Catholic universities ,
which enraged the liberals he also moder nized 20 0 0
,
old schools
·
the system became highly regulated
> he built cheap housing for wo r ke rs and increased
maternity benefits fo r
-
wo m e n
Failure
- his stric t
cencorship of the press freedom speech led
,
of to widespread opposition
>
-
his withdrawal of concessions to Catalonia (and banning of Catalan flag and
languages) -
led to deep re s e n t m e n t
>
-
he did not address the demands of the military fo r better
wages and weapons
-
the cost of the wa s
against the Riff and
Jabala rebels in Morocco wa s another
key issue
EV: Ultimately, the regime of Primo di Rivera created more failure than success, particularly in the area of economic
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