Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) form the backbone of computer science, enabling efficient data organization and problem-solving. Data structures, such as arrays, linked lists, stacks, and trees, provide systematic ways to manage and store data, ensuring quick access and modification. Algorithm...
The word “algorithm” relates to the name of the mathematician Al-khowarizmi, which means
a procedure or a technique. Software Engineer commonly uses an algorithm for planning
and solving the problems. An algorithm is a sequence of steps to solve a particular problem
or algorithm is an ordered set of unambiguous steps that produces a result and terminates in
a finite time
Algorithm has the following characteristics
• Input: An algorithm may or may not require input
• Output: Each algorithm is expected to produce at least one result
• Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.
• Finiteness: If the instructions of an algorithm are executed, the algorithm
should terminate after finite number of steps
The algorithm and flowchart include following three types of control structures.
1. Sequence: In the sequence structure, statements are placed one after the other and
the execution takes place starting from up to down.
2. Branching (Selection): In branch control, there is a condition and according to a
condition, a decision of either TRUE or FALSE is achieved. In the case of TRUE, one
of the two branches is explored; but in the case of FALSE condition, the other
alternative is taken. Generally, the ‘IF-THEN’ is used to represent branch control.
3. Loop (Repetition): The Loop or Repetition allows a statement(s) to be executed
repeatedly based on certain loop condition e.g. WHILE, FOR loops.
,Advantages of algorithm
• It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it easy
to understand.
• An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
• It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand for
anyone even without programming knowledge.
• Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug.
2
Algorithm & Flowchart Manual
HOW TO WRITE ALGORITHMS
Step 1 Define your algorithms input: Many algorithms take in data to be processed, e.g.
to calculate the area of rectangle input may be the rectangle height and rectangle width.
Step 2 Define the variables: Algorithm's variables allow you to use it for more than one
place. We can define two variables for rectangle height and rectangle width as HEIGHT and
WIDTH (or H & W). We should use meaningful variable name e.g. instead of using H & W
use HEIGHT and WIDTH as variable name.
Step 3 Outline the algorithm's operations: Use input variable for computation purpose, e.g.
to find area of rectangle multiply the HEIGHT and WIDTH variable and store the value in new
variable (say) AREA. An algorithm's operations can take the form of multiple steps and even
branch, depending on the value of the input variables.
Step 4 Output the results of your algorithm's operations: In case of area of rectangle
output will be the value stored in variable AREA. if the input variables described a rectangle
with a HEIGHT of 2 and a WIDTH of 3, the algorithm would output the value of 6.
FLOWCHART:
The first design of flowchart goes back to 1945 which was designed by John Von Neumann.
Unlike an algorithm, Flowchart uses different symbols to design a solution to a problem. It is
another commonly used programming tool. By looking at a Flowchart one can understand
the operations and sequence of operations performed in a system. Flowchart is often
considered as a blueprint of a design used for solving a specific problem.
Advantages of flowchart:
, • Flowchart is an excellent way of communicating the logic of a program. •
Easy and efficient to analyze problem using flowchart.
• During program development cycle, the flowchart plays the role of a blueprint, which
makes program development process easier.
• After successful development of a program, it needs continuous timely maintenance
during the course of its operation. The flowchart makes program or system
maintenance easier.
• It is easy to convert the flowchart into any programming language code.
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Algorithm & Flowchart Manual
Flowchart is diagrammatic /Graphical representation of sequence of steps to solve a
problem. To draw a flowchart following standard symbols are use
Symbol Name Symbol function
Oval Used to represent start
and end of flowchart
Parallelogram Used for input and
output operation
Rectangle Processing: Used for
arithmetic operations
and
data-manipulations
Diamond Decision making. Used
to represent the
operation in which there
are two/three
alternatives, true and
false
etc
Arrows Flow line Used to
indicate the flow of
logic by
connecting symbols
Circle Page Connector
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