NSCI 175 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions With Correct Answers!!

Acytelcholine - Answer--Excitatory; increases muscle contraction and depresses parasympathetic system. Associated with learning, memory, and attention → too little leads to Alzheimer's -Basal forebrain→ contains nucleus basalis -Targeted by Nicotine and succinylcholine Adaptation - Answer-The slowing of action potential firing overtime -Occurs in K+ Hyperpolarization Channels Agonist vs. Antagonist - Answer-Agonist: Chemical binds to the same site as an endogenous substance (e.g., neurotransmitter) to produce a similar response Antagonist: Chemical binds to a receptor and thus, prevents the binding and action of an agonist Assess how altering the external and internal concentrations of various ions impacts equilibrium potentials and the RMP - Answer-Increasing extracellular K+ causes depolarization (decrease in charge) Astrocytes - Answer-Can take up neurotransmitters from the synapse Can release glial transmitters to alter synaptic activity -Can influence feeding -Astrocytes often wrap themselves around synapses between neurons (as shown in the image above). They can take up released neurotransmitter, release transmitters of their own after increases in intracellular calcium. All of this can lead to alterations in synaptic activity (enhancement or inhibition) Calculate equilibrium potential for K + using the Nernst equation - Answer--80 mV Can neurotransmitters only be received by one type of receptor? - Answer-No. A single neurotransmitter often has MANY different kinds of receptors. This is an example of divergenceChemical Synapse - Answer-a type of synapse at which a chemical (a neurotransmitter) is released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on the next structure (either another neuron or an organ) Compare and contrast IHC and ISH - Answer-Immunohistochemistry tags proteins using antibodies In Situ Hybridization tags RNA Compare and contrast neurotransmitter-gated ion channels and g-protein-coupled receptors - AnswerIonotropic receptors are significantly faster, they do not require a biological messenger in order to be activated However, metobatropic receptors have longer lasting effects. Compare primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons - Answer-Motor neurons stimulate muscles or glands Sensory neurons respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch Interneurons receive input from and send input to other neurons CRE Technology - Answer--DNA scissors that can cut out genes by locating LoxP sites in a particular neuron -Made of enzyme recombinase -Can manipulate just one type of neuron at a time to alter one small gene -Provided evidence of co-transmission of acetylcholine and GABA Define Behavioral Neuroscience (Level of Analysis) - Answer-The application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals Define Cellular Neuroscience (Level of Analysis) - Answer-The study of neurons at the cellular level It includes cell morphology and physiological properties such as membrane trafficking, synthesis and transport of proteins, and synaptic plasticityDefine Cognitive Neuroscience (Level of Analysis) - Answer-The scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes Define Molecular Neuroscience (Level of Analysis) - Answer-A branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals