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Summary Organic Chemistry

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Covers Organic chemistry that will be assessed in your Grade 11 year in the chemistry section of your Physical Science module/syllabus

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  • July 2, 2019
  • 14
  • 2017/2018
  • Summary
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC MOLECULES
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds that consist primarily of
carbon and hydrogen
Atoms of nitrogen, oxygen and halogens are sometimes part of organic
molecules
Organic molecules DO NOT include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
diamond, graphite, carbonates and cyanides



UNIQUE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
 Have the ability to form 4 strong covalent bonds
 Goes through the process of hybridization which produces 4 available
bonding sites
 Bond with other carbon atoms to form chains or ring structures, known
as catenation
 Has the ability to form single, double and triple bonds with itself
Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to bond with themselves to form
chain or ring structures



IMPORTANT FEATURES OF CARBON
o Carbon has allotropes e.g. graphite and diamond. Allotropes are
different crystalline structures of the same element
o Carbon will form a maximum of 4 bonds with other elements (valence of
4 and 4 valence electrons)
Process of hybridization:
Ground state excited state

, In the excited state the valence electrons are unpaired (the 2s electron moves
to the 2p orbital. This is process called orbital mixing. The 2s and 2p orbitals
mix together to produce 4 sub-orbitals of equal energy known as sp 3 hybrid
orbitals and they provide 4 bonding sites.



CLASSIFYING ORGANIC MOLECULES

ORGANIC MOLECULES


HYDROCARBONS



Aromatic


Alkanes
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

Alkynes
Carboxylic acids Haloalkanes
Aliphatic

Esters Alcohols
Alkenes




THE HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbon – a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Saturated compound – a compound in which all of the bonds between carbon
atoms are single bonds
Unsaturated compound – a compound in which there is at least one double
and/or triple bond between carbon atoms

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