NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2024
UPDATE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ EXAM
TEST
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type,
Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
Dysplasia
Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
Neoplasia
New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant or
benign
Etiology
Cause of particular disease on microscopic level
Pathogenesis
Story of how disease develops
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue
mass
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the body
Ischemia
,Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen in the tissues
Iatrogenic
illness or disease process because a medical process was
done ex: CAUTI
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
Has to have two recessive genes to have disease, only
one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic fibrosis, PKU
(phenylketonuria), Tay-Sachs
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick mucous
secretions
PKU (phenylketonuria)
autosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability to
metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental retardation.
Pt must follow strict very low protein diet
Tay-Sachs
autosomal recessive disorder that causes an enzyme to
not be produced causing fatty proteins build up causing
destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
Only takes one gene for disease to show. There are no
carriers, either have disease or don't. Marfan Syndrome,
Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Marfan Syndrome
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long extremities,
congenital heart defects
Huntington's Disease
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve cells break down
over time, causing involuntary movements
,Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, high cholesterol
X-Linked Disorders
Disorder carried on the x chromosome
Recessive X-Linked Disorders
Color blindness, more prominent in males, XcY male color
blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not color blind only
carrier.
Chromosomal Disorder
not inherited, theres a problem on the chromosome
Types of Chromosomal Disorders
Down's Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter
Syndrome
Down's Syndrome
Trisomy 21
Turner Syndrome
Only affects females, short stature, infertility, XO
Klinefelter Syndrome
Only affects males, develop breasts and small testes,
extra X chromosome present XXY
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body water
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid or blood
plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and
blood), CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial
cavities)
Hydrostatic Pressure
Push, typically happens at the arterial level
Osmotic Pressure
, Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever the waste
needs to be eliminated from the body
Isotonic Solutions
Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
Hypotonic Solutions
Less solute so its less concentrated, only a few pepper
flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
Hypertonic Solutions
More solute, so its more concentrated, lots of pepper
flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
Na+ Normal Range
135-145 mEq/L
K+ Normal Range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Cl- Normal Range
98-106 mEq/L
Ca2+ Normal Range
8.5-10.5 mEq/L
Mg2+ Normal Range
1.4-2.1 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
Hypernatremia
High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old person who can't
get up to drink water frequently enough
Hypokalemia
Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg cramping,
decreased bowel sounds
Hyperkalemia
UPDATE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ EXAM
TEST
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type,
Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
Dysplasia
Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
Neoplasia
New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant or
benign
Etiology
Cause of particular disease on microscopic level
Pathogenesis
Story of how disease develops
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue
mass
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the body
Ischemia
,Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen in the tissues
Iatrogenic
illness or disease process because a medical process was
done ex: CAUTI
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
Has to have two recessive genes to have disease, only
one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic fibrosis, PKU
(phenylketonuria), Tay-Sachs
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick mucous
secretions
PKU (phenylketonuria)
autosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability to
metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental retardation.
Pt must follow strict very low protein diet
Tay-Sachs
autosomal recessive disorder that causes an enzyme to
not be produced causing fatty proteins build up causing
destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
Only takes one gene for disease to show. There are no
carriers, either have disease or don't. Marfan Syndrome,
Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Marfan Syndrome
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long extremities,
congenital heart defects
Huntington's Disease
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve cells break down
over time, causing involuntary movements
,Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, high cholesterol
X-Linked Disorders
Disorder carried on the x chromosome
Recessive X-Linked Disorders
Color blindness, more prominent in males, XcY male color
blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not color blind only
carrier.
Chromosomal Disorder
not inherited, theres a problem on the chromosome
Types of Chromosomal Disorders
Down's Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter
Syndrome
Down's Syndrome
Trisomy 21
Turner Syndrome
Only affects females, short stature, infertility, XO
Klinefelter Syndrome
Only affects males, develop breasts and small testes,
extra X chromosome present XXY
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body water
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid or blood
plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and
blood), CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial
cavities)
Hydrostatic Pressure
Push, typically happens at the arterial level
Osmotic Pressure
, Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever the waste
needs to be eliminated from the body
Isotonic Solutions
Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
Hypotonic Solutions
Less solute so its less concentrated, only a few pepper
flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
Hypertonic Solutions
More solute, so its more concentrated, lots of pepper
flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
Na+ Normal Range
135-145 mEq/L
K+ Normal Range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Cl- Normal Range
98-106 mEq/L
Ca2+ Normal Range
8.5-10.5 mEq/L
Mg2+ Normal Range
1.4-2.1 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
Hypernatremia
High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old person who can't
get up to drink water frequently enough
Hypokalemia
Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg cramping,
decreased bowel sounds
Hyperkalemia
