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GMS 6440 Final Exam questions and verified answers.
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GMS 6440 Final Exam questions and verified answers.
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GMS 6440 Final Exam questions and verified answers.For the mechanism of secondary active (ion-coupled) transport of glucose, which of the following is responsible for driving the transport events:
1. ATP direct coupling to the secondary active transporter protein molecule
2. The power of the gradient of glucose, which is a greater concentration outside the cell than inside the cell.
3. The power of the gradient of glucose, which is a greater concentration inside the cell than outside the cell
4. The power of Na+, which is a greater concentration outside the cell than inside the cell.
5. The power of Na+, which is a greater concentration inside the cell than outside the cell. - ANS - 4
In ion-coupled secondary active transport, a solute is moved against its concentration gradient by being 'carried' along with an ion moving WITH its concentration gradient. So, glucose is the solute, and it gets 'carried' into the cell along with Na+ as it moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
Ion channels move their substrate ions across membranes by which of the following means: 1. ion movement from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration 2. ion movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration 3. always binding ATP in order to energize the channel 4. always binding a ligand in order to unlock a voltage-gated mechanism 5. always activating a ligand-locked gate by voltage-dependent mechanism - ANS - 2 the precursos 'ALWAYs' eliminates answers 3-5
The plasma membrane resting potential for many cell types is roughly -90mV. This is primarily attributable to which ion species and its electrochemical equilibrium potential: 1. Cl- with an electrochemical equilibrium potential of -90mV 2. Na+ with an electrochemical equilibrium potential of +90mV
3. Na+ with an electrochemical equilibrium potential of -90mV 4. Cl- with an electrochemical equilibrium gradient of +65mV 5. K+ with an electrochemical equilibrium potential of -100mV - ANS - 5
What is the means by which a membrane potentail voltage is maintained over long period of time in a typical cell, despite repeated events of transport ions or water through individual channels: 1. Na+ electrochemical equilibrium potential
2. Na+/K+-ATPase creating steady Na+ and K+ gradients 3. Cl- electrochemical equilibrium potential 4. open Ca2+ channels 5. open Na+ channels - ANS - 2
the ions and water move uninhibited along their concentration gradients through 'leaky' channels While the resting potential is attributable to K+ electrochemical equilibrium potential (-100mV), maintaining the membrane potential over time is due to the Na+/K+-ATP ase pump which created the gradients for ions to flow
You infuse 1 liter of a solution of NaCl with osmolality = 430 mosm/l to an individual with an initial extracellular fluid volume of 20 liters, a total body fluid volume of 65 liters and plasma osmolality of 300 mOsm per liter. What is their equilibrium or steady-state extracellular fluid osmolality after all fluid shifts have occurred but before any renal excretion has occurred?
A. 273 mOsm/L
B. 302 mOsm/L C. 290 mOsm/L
D. 250 mOsm/L E. 325 mOsm/L - ANS - B
(300mOsm/L x 65l) + (430mOsm/L / 65L)= 19,506 mOsm
total osmoles= 19,507mOsm
19,507mOsm/65L= 300.12 + 1 = 301
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