, Laboratory Experiments
for Introduction to General,
Organic, and Biochemistry
Eighth Edition
Frederick A. Bettelheim
Late of Adelphi University
Joseph M. Landesberg
Adelphi University
Australia . Brazil . Japan . Korea . Mexico . Singapore . Spain . United Kingdom . United States
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, Laboratory Experiments for Introduction © 2013, 2010, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
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, Contents
EXPERIMENT 10
Preface vii
Boyle’s Law: The Pressure–Volume
Acknowledgments ix
Relationship of a Gas 115
Practice Safe Laboratory xi
EXPERIMENT 11
EXPERIMENT 1 Charles’s Law: The Volume–Temperature
Laboratory Techniques: Using the Laboratory Relationship of a Gas 127
Gas Burner; Making Laboratory
EXPERIMENT 12
Measurements 1
Properties of Gases: Determination
EXPERIMENT 2 of the Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid 1
Density Determination 19
EXPERIMENT 13
EXPERIMENT 3 Physical Properties of Chemicals:
Separation of the Components Melting Point, Sublimation, and
of a Mixture 31 Boiling Point 149
EXPERIMENT 4 EXPERIMENT 14
Resolution of a Mixture by Distillation 43 Solubility and Solutions 163
EXPERIMENT 5 EXPERIMENT 15
The Empirical Formula of a Compound: Water of Hydration 175
The Law of Constant Composition 53
EXPERIMENT 16
EXPERIMENT 6 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 185
Determination of the Formula
EXPERIMENT 17
of a Metal Oxide 63
The Law of Chemical Equilibrium
EXPERIMENT 7 and Le Chatelier’s Principle 197
Classes of Chemical Reactions 73
EXPERIMENT 18
EXPERIMENT 8 pH and Buffer Solutions 207
Chemical Properties of Consumer
EXPERIMENT 19
Products 87
Analysis of Vinegar by Titration 219
EXPERIMENT 9
EXPERIMENT 20
Calorimetry: The Determination of the
Specific Heat of a Metal 99 Analysis of Antacid Tablets 229
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,iv Contents
EXPERIMENT 21 EXPERIMENT 37
Structure in Organic Compounds: Analysis of Lipids 445
Use of Molecular Models. I 239 EXPERIMENT 38
EXPERIMENT 22
Separation of Amino Acids by
Stereochemistry: Use of Molecular Paper Chromatography 455
Models. II 253 EXPERIMENT 39
EXPERIMENT 23
Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids 467
Column and Paper Chromatography:
EXPERIMENT 40
Separation of Plant Pigments 275
Isolation and Identification of Casein 477
EXPERIMENT 24
EXPERIMENT 41
Classification and Identification
of Hydrocarbons 289 Properties of Enzymes 489
EXPERIMENT 25 EXPERIMENT 42
Classification and Identification Neurotransmission: An Example of
of Alcohols and Phenols 301 Enzyme Specificity 503
EXPERIMENT 26 EXPERIMENT 43
Classification and Identification Isolation and Identification
of Aldehydes and Ketones 313 of DNA from Onion 515
EXPERIMENT 27 EXPERIMENT 44
Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Esters 329 Viscosity and Secondary Structure
EXPERIMENT 28 of DNA 525
Properties of Amines and Amides 341 EXPERIMENT 45
EXPERIMENT 29 Beer’s Law and Standard Curves 541
Polymerization Reactions 353 EXPERIMENT 46
EXPERIMENT 30 Tyrosinase Enzyme Kinetics 553
Preparation of Acetylsalicylic Acid EXPERIMENT 47
(Aspirin) 365
Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C Contained
EXPERIMENT 31 in Foods 569
Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves 377 EXPERIMENT 48
EXPERIMENT 32
Analysis of Vitamin A in Margarine 579
Carbohydrates 389
APPENDIX 1
EXPERIMENT 33
List of Apparatus and Equipment
Fermentation of a Carbohydrate: in Student’s Locker 591
Ethanol from Sucrose 401
APPENDIX 2
EXPERIMENT 34
List of Common Equipment and Materials in
Preparation and Properties of a Soap 413
the Laboratory 593
EXPERIMENT 35
APPENDIX 3
Preparation of a Hand Cream 423
Special Equipment and Chemicals 595
EXPERIMENT 36
Extraction and Identification of Fatty Acids APPENDIX 4
from Corn Oil 433 Spectrometers 631
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, Beaker Erlenmeyer flask Suction flask
Graduated cylinder Thermometer Test tube Buret Pipet
Test tube brush
Funnel Büchner funnel Crucible and cover Eye dropper
Figure 1
Common laboratory equipment.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Crucible tongs Test tube holder Bunsen burner
(Tirrill type)
Ring support
Clay triangle
Utility clamp
Wire gauze
Ring stand with
support
Buret clamp
© Cengage Learning 2013
Evaporating dish Watch glass Tripod
Figure 1
Continued
vi
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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, Preface
In preparing the eighth edition of this Laboratory Manual, we wish to th
our colleagues who made this new edition possible by adopting our ma
for their courses. This eighth edition coincides with the publication o
tenth edition of the textbook: Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochem
by F. A. Bettelheim, W. H. Brown, M. K. Campbell, and S. O. Farrell.
laboratory manual shares the outline and pedagogical philosophy of
textbook. As in previous editions, we have strived for the clearest pos
writing in the procedures. The experiments give the student a meanin
reliable laboratory experience that consistently works, while covering
basic principles of general, organic, and biochemistry. Throughout the y
feedback from colleges and universities has confirmed that this manua
only eases the student’s task in performing experiments, but also is stu
friendly. Our new edition maintains this standard and improves upon i
Changes in this new edition are as follows: (1) The 48 experiments in
manual provide a wide selection of experiments from which the instru
can choose. We improved the procedures of a number of experiments
result of our observations of how our students carried out these experim
in our laboratories at Adelphi. (2) Safety issues and waste disposal
emphasized. (3) We further improved our aim to minimize the us
hazardous chemicals where possible and to design experiments that wor
a small scale or on a semimicro scale. (4) Some Pre-Lab and Post
Questions have been changed or modified.
As in previous editions, three basic goals were followed in all
experiments: (1) the experiments should illustrate the concepts learne
the classroom; (2) the experiments should be clearly and concisely wr
so that students will easily understand the task at hand, will work
minimal supervision because the manual provides enough informatio
experimental procedures, and will be able to perform the experiments
two-and-a-half-hour laboratory period; (3) the experiments should not
be simple demonstrations, but also should contain a sense of discover
It did not escape our attention that in adopting this manual of labora
experiments, the instructor must pay attention to budgetary constra
All experiments in this manual generally use only inexpensive piece
equipment and glassware. A few spectrophotometers and pH meters
necessary in a number of experiments. A few experiments may require m
specialized, albeit inexpensive, equipment—for example, a few viscome
The instructor might wish to do these experiments as a demonstration.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, viii Preface
The 48 experiments in this book will provide suitable choices for the
instructor to select about 24 experiments for a two-semester or three-
quarter course. The following are the principal features of this book:
1. The Table of Contents is organized so that the first 20 experiments
illustrate the principles of general chemistry, the next 11 those of
organic chemistry, and the remaining 17 those of biochemistry.
2. Each experiment begins with a Background section that contains all
the information necessary to understand the experiment. All the
relevant principles and their applications are reviewed in this section.
3. The Procedure section of the experiment provides a step-by-step
description of the experiment. Clarity of writing in this section is of
the utmost importance for successful execution of the experiments.
Caution! signs alert students when dealing with dangerous chemicals,
such as strong acids or bases.
4. Pre-Lab Questions are provided to familiarize students with the
concepts and procedures before they begin the experiments. By
requiring students to answer these questions and then grading their
answers, we accomplish the task of preparing the students for the
experiments and getting them to read the experiments before coming
to the laboratory.
5. In the Report Sheet we not only ask for the recording of raw data, but
we also require some calculations to yield secondary data.
6. The Post-Lab Questions are designed to encourage students to reflect
upon the results, interpret them, and relate their significance.
7. At the end of the book in Appendix 3, we provide stockroom
personnel with detailed instructions on preparation of solutions and
other chemicals for each experiment. We also give detailed amounts of
materials needed for a class of 25 students.
An Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this book is solely for the
use of the instructor. It helps in the grading process by providing ranges
of the experimental results we obtained from class use. It alerts the
instructor to some of the difficulties that may be encountered in certain
experiments. These experiments have been ‘‘field tested’’ in our
laboratories so that we believe that the ‘‘bugs’’ have been worked out.
The disposal of waste material is discussed for each experiment. For
further information, we recommend Prudent Practices in the Laboratory,
National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1995). A sample chemical
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) is included to alert students to
information available regarding chemical safety. Laboratories should have
these sheets on file for all chemicals that are used in the experiments, and
these sheets should be made available to students on demand.
We hope that you will find our book of Laboratory Experiments
helpful in instructing your students. We anticipate that students will find it
inspiring in studying different aspects of chemistry.
Garden City, NY Frederick A. Bettelheim (deceased)
June 2011 Joseph M. Landesberg
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
