HN 308 Exam 4 Revision 2024
if consumed in sufficient amounts, any energy producing nutrient ________, __________, and ________ can fuel the body in the short term **** carbohydrate; fat; protein
AAs can be either ______ or ______ or both. **** glucogenic; ketogenic
if consumed in sufficient amounts, any energy producing nutrient ________,
__________, and ________ can fuel the body in the short term **** carbohydrate; fat;
protein
AAs can be either ______ or ______ or both. **** glucogenic; ketogenic
the glucogenic AAs can be converted to ________ or intermediates of TCA cycle,
including _________, ________, ___________, _________ **** pyruvate;
oxaloacetate, fumarate, succinyl CoA, alpha-ketoglutarate
via gluconeogenesis pathway, AAs can be eventually converted to glucose in the
________ or _________ **** liver; kidney
carbohydrate (glucose) can be converted to AAs via metabolic intermediates such as
_______ and _________ **** pyruvate; oxaloacetate
the ketogenic AAs can be converted to _________ or _________ **** acetyl CoA,
acetoacetate
_________ is the precursor for de novo fatty acids **** acetyl CoA
as most AAs are both ketogenic and glucogenic, AAs can be converted to ______ ****
fat
____________ can be used to synthesize portions of the keto acids used to form some
AAs **** fatty acids
the weight gain after carbohydrate food consumption is due to the fact that carbohydrate
spares ________ pathway and promotes weight gain **** lipolysis
glucose is a precursor for ______ and _______ **** glycerol; fatty acids
glycolysis pathway produces ______, which is subsequently converted to ___________
by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex inside ________ **** pyruvate; acetyl Coa;
mitochondria
via citrate shuttle system, ______ can serve as a precursor for ______ synthesis via a
process called de novo lipogenesis, which occurs in ______ **** acetyl CoA; fatty acid;
cytosol
, DHAP can be reduced to _______, the active form of glycerol from lipolysis **** G3P
only __________ portion from fat can be converted to carbohydrate via ___________
**** glycerol; gluconeogenesis
fatty acid cannot be converted to glucose because: **** 1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
reaction is irreversible
2. gluconeogenesis from acetyl CoA as a TCA cycle intermediate cannot occur
fatty acids with _____ number of carbon atoms are partially glucogenic **** odd
TCA cycle is an amphibolic pathway means, meaning it can be ___________ or
__________ **** anabolic, catabolic
TCA cycle provides common intermediates _________ and ______ to support the
cross-linkages between lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism **** alpha-
ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate
TCA cycle provides __________ for lipogenesis and _____ for NADH shuttle ****
citrate; malate
the liver _____ and _______ nutrients **** processes; distributes
the ______ is the first pass for carbohydrates. glucose entering hepatocytes is activated
via phosphorylation to G6P by ________ (enzyme) **** liver; glucokinase
________ is "at the cross-roads" of carbohydrate metabolism **** G6P
the _______ is the first pass for AAs metabolisms **** liver
as needed, _______ is the major source for ATP production in the liver **** fat
glycolysis occurs in ________ **** all cells
glycogenesis and glycogenolysis occur in the _______ and ______ **** liver, muscle
gluconeogenesis occurs in the ______ and _________ **** liver, kidney
ketogenesis occurs in the_______ **** liver
lipolysis occurs in ________ **** adipose tissue
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