APUSH UNITS 1-5 Complete Actual Exam Questions With Correct Detailed Answers.

Columbus - correct answer a navigator, colonizer, and explorer who was instrumental in Spanish colonization of the Americas. Columbus' voyages led to general European awareness of the hemisphere and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World. Colombian exchange-trade, Indians, Africans - correct answer An exchange between the Old World, New World, and Africa. In this exchange the Old World gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis. The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. The Native World had gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, pineapples, tomatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate and syphilis. The Old World/Europeans had wheat, rice, sugar, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, typhus, diphtheria, and the scarlet fever. This whole exchange of things was initiated by Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci - correct answer An Italian explorer, Vespucci published a wildly popular account of his voyages in the New World near the North American continent in 1503. A German mapmaker named the newly discovered continents after him to honor his achievements. Encomienda System - correct answer Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. Predestination - correct answer The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. A theory set up by John Calvin saying that God knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell; since the 1st moment of creation, some souls-elect-had been destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment; good works could not save those whom predestination had marked for the infernal fires Jamestown - correct answer Colony in Virginia, The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony. The settlement became part of the Joint Stock Virginia Company of London in 1620. Grew to be a prosperous shipping port. Powhattan Confederacy - correct answer A group of seven Indian tribes that controlled Virginia. It was led by Powhatan and was an agricultural group. They allowed the original English Settlers to survive Headright System - correct answer Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. House of Burgesses - correct answer 1619, the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts; it set a precedent for future parliaments to be established Indentured Servitude - correct answer colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years. Life for them was hard, but there was hope at the end of 7 years for freedom. Conditions were brutal, and in the later years, owners unwilling to free their servants extended their contracts by years for small mistakes. Chesapeake Colonies - correct answer The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery. Mayflower compact - correct answer Compact This document was not a constitution; was a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon; was signed by 41 adult males, 11 of them with the exalted rank of mister though not by the servants and two seamen; was a promising step toward genuine self-government; , a formal document, written in 1620, that provided law and order to the Plymouth colony Puritans - correct answer believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and sought to purify the Church of England; the Puritans believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups. John Winthrop - correct answer led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor on April 8, 1630. was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. Roger WIlliams - correct answer He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. Anne Hutchinson - correct answer Woman who was a sharp challenge to Puritan orthodoxy. Intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative who believed in antinomianism, which said the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. This idea, which she had derived from the ideas of John Cotton, was a heresy. Claimed that a direct revelation from God gave her this belief. She also claimed that only a few of the ministers in the area were actually saved, but that she was saved. This undermined all of the authority of the Church. Held meetings for her followers in her house. She was banished, went to R.I. and then New Netherlands, but was eventually killed by Indians. Pequot War - correct answer 637 Conflict between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with American Indian allies (the Narragansett, and Mohegan Indians), against the Pequot Indians. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot in New England, and is exemplary of the Puritan use of genocide towards Native Americans. Quakers/ William Penn - correct answer pacifist, egalitarian religious dissenters who did not pay taxes to the church of England. Worshiped without priests. Penn established Pennsylvania for Quakers. Good relationship with Indians. King Phillips war - correct answer 1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. Bacon's rebellion - correct answer In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region. Middle passage - correct answer Part of the Triangle Trade Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco. Mercantilism - correct answer the economic theory that all parts of a nation's or empire's economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state/empire; hence, that colonial economic welfare should be subordinated to that of the imperial power. British mercantilism promoted any form of free market in the colonies, including preventing them from printing their own paper money. One of the ways in which mercantilism harmed the colonial economy was by inhibiting the development of banking and paper currency in the colonies. British mercantilism enforced restrictions on colonial manufacturing, trade, and paper currency. Navigational Acts - correct answer Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts () regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing. Salutary Neglect - correct answer Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War. Enlightenment - correct answer an eighteenth-century movement in Western philosophy. It was an age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. It was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Some classifications of this period also include 17th-century philosophy, which is typically known as the Age of Reason First Great Awakening - correct answer The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth. Jon Edwards - correct answer He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. George Whitfield - correct answer He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy. Albany Congress - correct answer 1754 inter colonial congress summoned by Benjamin Franklin to provide a system for taxes; keep Iroquois loyal to British; defense from France; colonists- did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, nor unite together. Seven years war - correct answer Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.French and Indian War, fought between Great Britain and France, often considered to be the first world war because it involved most of the globe. Treaty of Paris 1763 - correct answer The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi. Virtual Representation - correct answer The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from Sugar Act - correct answer First law passed by Parliament that raised tax revenues in the colonies for the crown. It increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Forbade importation of rum. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. Stamp Act - correct answer 1765 George Grenville imposed this measure to raise revenue in support of the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of the tax. Passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards. Patrick Henry - correct answer Patrick Henry was the American orator who urged colonists to take up arms against the British, proclaiming, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me... give me liberty or give me death!" One of the politicians who helped the movement to Independence in Virginia during the 1770s, he's one of the Founding Fathers, and led oppositions to many of the oppressive Acts. Sons of Liberty - correct answer The Sons of Liberty was an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765. Boston Massacre - correct answer In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed. Sam Adams - correct answer Often called the "Penman of the Revolution" He was a Master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion. Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader that was very aware and sensitive to the rights of the colonists. He organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772. These committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonists by spreading propaganda. Committees of Correspondence - correct answer organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. Boston tea party - correct answer Boston patriots organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo. First Continental Congress - correct answer The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system. Dawes - correct answer 1887 attempt to "americanize" the indians giving each tribe 160 acres; after 25 years this property would become theirs (if they were good little whites) and they would become an american citizen Paul Revere - correct answer Paul Revere Silversmith and patriot who alerted the colonists that the British were coming before Lexington and Concord by taking a midnight horse ride t