Exam (elaborations)
Arch 249 Test #1.
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Exam of 16 pages for the course ARCH 249 - Exam 1 - Glowacki - Fall at ARCH 249 - Exam 1 - Glowacki - Fall (Arch 249 Test #1.)
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Arch 249 Test #1Mammoth-Bone Houses, Ukraine, 16,000-10,000 BCE (Paleolithic Period) - ANS-
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey, c. 9100-8100 BCE (Neolithic Period) - ANS-
Jericho, Israel, c. 8000 BCE (Neolithic Period) - ANS-
Catal Huyuk, Turkey, c.6500-5700 BCE (Neolithic Period) - ANS-
Newgrange, Ireland, c. 3200 BCE (Neolithic Period) - ANS-
Stonehenge, England, c. 2900-1400 BCE (Neolithic Period) - ANS-
Traditional masonry formed from sundried mixture of mud and straw - ANS-Mudbrick
Most basic construction form, two vertical beams supporting one horizontal -
ANS-Post-and-lintel
ca. Start of history (35,000 BCE) - 10,000 BCE - ANS-Paleolithic Period
c. 10,000 - 4,500 BCE - ANS-Neolithic Period
Graves within a settlement - ANS-Intramural Burial
Construction using large stones or boulders - ANS-Megalithic
Steps of masonry stacked to support - ANS-Corbeling
Construction type in which posts have knobs that fit into notches in a lintel -
ANS-Mortise-and-tenon
Different materials were available to people in different regions and weather varied as
well, this meant that whereas one region used mud-bricks to shield from the heat -
another region would use rocks to shield from the cold. - ANS-The role that geography
plays in determining prehistoric building materials and techniques
Due to the lack of agricultural evidence it makes us rethink the previously accepted
model of development of civilization where agricultural practices preceded monumental
,architecture - ANS-How have the recent excavations at Gobekli Tepe caused us to
rethink long accepted theories about the development of farming, settled village life,
religion, and monumental architecture in the Neolithic Period?
Whereas Jericho was fortified, indicating the need for protection from other tribes, Catal
Huyuk is not and is much more packaged together. - ANS-How the architecture and
material remains can tell us about the organization of prehistoric society - use Jericho
and Catal Huyuk as examples
Mud-brick walls and a post-and-lintel timber framework enclosed rectangular spaces
that abutted the neighboring houses - ANS-Describe the construction techniques used
at Catal Huyuk
As buildings were closely packed together, with entrances only on the roof, spaces were
either very private or not at all - ANS-What does the architectural layout tell us about
communal versus private space in Catal Huyuk?
Showed that the environment of Catal Huyuk was not just for function, but also for
religious or aesthetic/artistic intent. - ANS-What role did architectural decoration play in
the built environment of Catal Huyuk?
A simple understanding of construction, Used megalithic construction with
post-and-lintel and mortise-and-tenon - ANS-Describe the technical ability of the people
who built Stonehenge
Circular ditches, megalithic construction, mortise-and-tenon - ANS-What are some of
the techniques used to build the stone circle at Stonehenge
Mostly all religious, due to the solar alignment and size. - ANS-What are some of the
current theories about the purpose of Stonehenge?
The sun was the source of life, so prehistoric societies held the importance of the sun in
high regard. Newgrange and Stonehenge were aligned to the summer solstice. -
ANS-Explain how solar alignments would be important for early agricultural
communities - Use the examples of Newgrange and Stonehenge
White Temple, Uruk, Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 3500-3000 BCE
Ancient Near East - ANS-
The Great Ziggurat at Ur, Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 2100 BCE - ANS-
, Citadel of Sargon II, Khorsabad (Iraq), c. 720 BCE - ANS-
Ishtar Gate, Babylon (Iraq), c. 575 BCE - ANS-
Persepolis, palace complex on the citadel, 518-460 BCE - ANS-
A structure upon offerings, such as sacrifices, are made for religious purposes -
ANS-Altar
A more advanced type of mud-brick that was furnace or sun-baked to make them
stronger - ANS-Baked brick
A structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of fortification, most commonly used
for defensive purposes and positioned at the corners - ANS-Bastion
Any kind of wall that has been built with an intentional slope - ANS-Battered walls
A naturally occurring petroleum product that was used as a mortar in some ancient
civilizations, protected structures from water since oil is hydrophobic - ANS-Bitumen
Masonry reinforcement applied to a wall to apply additional strength - ANS-Buttress
The core fortified area of a town, usually a castle or religious sanctuary - ANS-Citadel
Fictional creatures, usually carved statues, that combine human and animal
characteristics to show power and/or intimidate - ANS-Composite creature
The area of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates river, known as part of the
cradle of civilization - ANS-Fertile Crescent
A type of brick that has a ceramic coating, not only used for aesthetics, but also for
function as these bricks were stronger and resistant to water and weathering -
ANS-Glazed brick
A large hall composed of many columns to support the roof - ANS-Hypostyle hall
A Sumerian protective deity, depicted as human-headed winged-bulls. Seen outside the
gates of the Citadel of Sargon II - ANS-Lamassu
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